Journal Article
Who Are the Unbanked? Characteristics Beyond Income
Minhas, Sabrina; Hayashi, Fumiko (2018-04)
As the U.S. economy recovered from the Great Recession, more households entered the banking system. Still, 9 million households were unbanked in 2015. Understanding the characteristics of these households is critical in designing effective policies for financial inclusion. Policymakers often consider low income to be the defining characteristic of the unbanked. However, this broad characterization may mask large differences in banking status within low-income groups. {{p}} Fumiko Hayashi and Sabrina Minhas examine which household characteristics beyond income are associated with households? ...
Economic Review , Issue Q II , Pages 55-70

Briefing
Digital, Financial, and Health Insurance Exclusion Experienced by Low-Income Households
Hayashi, Fumiko; Ruiz, Rebecca (2021-07-07)
Many low-income households are excluded from essential services such as home internet access, bank accounts, and health insurance coverage. We examine to what degree low-income households experience digital, financial, and health insurance exclusion and assess whether education and race are correlated with exclusion. We find that more than 10 percent of low-income households experienced multiple types of exclusion in 2019, with more pronounced results for households with lower educational attainment.
Payments System Research Briefing , Issue July 7, 2021 , Pages 9

Journal Article
Residential Rent Affordability across U.S. Metropolitan Areas
Edmiston, Kelly D. (2016-10)
Kelly D. Edmiston examines recent trends in rent affordability for both low- and middle-income households and across metropolitan areas.
Economic Review , Issue Q IV , Pages 5-27