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Conference Paper
Dollars and deficits: where do we go from here?
Journal Article
U.S. policy in the Bretton Woods era
Conference Paper
The revived Bretton Woods system: alive and well
Journal Article
Understanding trends in foreign exchange rates
Journal Article
Do industrialized countries hold the right foreign exchange reserves?
That central banks should hold foreign currency reserves is a key tenet of the post-Bretton Woods international financial order. But recent growth in the reserve balances of industrialized countries raises questions about what level and composition of reserves are ?right? for these countries. A look at the rationale for reserves and the reserve practices of select countries suggests that large balances may not be needed to maintain an effective exchange rate policy over the medium and long term. Moreover, countries may incur an opportunity cost by holding funds in currency and asset ...
Conference Paper
An essay on the revived Bretton Woods system
Working Paper
U.S. intervention during the Bretton Wood Era:1962-1973
By the early 1960s, outstanding U.S. dollar liabilities began to exceed the U.S. gold stock, suggesting that the United States could not completely maintain its pledge to convert dollars into gold at the official price. This raised uncertainty about the Bretton Woods parity grid, and speculation seemed to grow. In response, the Federal Reserve instituted a series of swap lines to provide central banks with cover for unwanted, but temporary accumulations of dollars and to provide foreign central banks with dollar funds to finance their own interventions. The Treasury also began intervening in ...
Journal Article
U.S. foreign exchange operations
Journal Article
Monetary and credit agreements entered into at Bretton Woods
Journal Article
Bretton Woods agreements