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Journal Article
Interview: Raghuram Rajan
Price, David A. (2024-07)
In August 2005, at the annual conference of central bankers in Jackson Hole, Raghuram Rajan created a stir. Rajan, then chief economist of the International Monetary Fund, argued in a presentation that a hidden danger of massive failures was lurking in the global financial system. Risks had been building up, he said, a result of the incentives facing private institutions in the environment of that era.
Econ Focus , Volume 24 , Issue 3Q , Pages 22-26

Report
Liquidity-saving mechanisms in collateral-based RTGS payment systems
Jurgilas, Marius; Martin, Antoine (2010-03-01)
This paper studies banks? incentives for choosing the timing of their payment submissions in a collateral-based real-time gross settlement payment system and the way in which these incentives change with the introduction of a liquidity-saving mechanism (LSM). We show that an LSM allows banks to economize on collateral while also providing incentives to submit payments earlier. The reason is that, in our model, an LSM allows payments to be matched and offset, helping to settle payment cycles in which each bank must receive a payment that provides sufficient funds to allow the settlement of its ...
Staff Reports , Paper 438

Working Paper
Bank Profitability and Debit Card Interchange Regulation: Bank Responses to the Durbin Amendment
Kay, Benjamin S.; Manuszak, Mark D.; Vojtech, Cindy M. (2014-08-22)
The Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 alters the competitive structure of the debit card payment processing industry and caps debit card interchange fees for banks with over $10 billion in assets. Market participants predicted that debit card issuers would offset the reduction in debit interchange revenue by increases in customer account fees. Some participants also predicted that banks would cut costs in response to the law by reducing staff and shutting down branches. Using a difference-in-differences testing strategy, we show that ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2014-77

Discussion Paper
What Can We Learn from the Timing of Interbank Payments?
Copeland, Adam; Molloy, Linsey; Tarascina, Anya (2019-02-25)
From 2008 to 2014 the Federal Reserve vastly increased the size of its balance sheet, mainly through its large-scale asset purchase programs (LSAPs). The resulting abundance of reserves affected the financial system in a number of ways, including by changing the intraday timing of interbank payments. In this post we show that (1) there appears to be a nonlinear relationship between the amount of reserves in the system and the timing of interbank payments, and (2) with the increase in reserves, smaller banks shifted their timing of payments more significantly than larger banks did. This result ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20190225

Discussion Paper
An Interoperability Framework for Payment Systems
Durfee, Jon; Lee, Michael Junho; Torregrossa, Joseph (2025-03-27)
Novel payment systems based on blockchain networks promise to redesign financial architecture, but a notable concern about these systems is whether they can be made interoperable. This concern stems from the concept of the “singleness of money”—that payments and exchange are not subject to volatility in the value of the money itself. Volatility and speculation can arise from the payment medium, which may have speculative characteristics, or from frictions that undermine the ability of one or more payments systems to interoperate. In this two-part series, we outline a framework for ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20250327a

Report
U. S. consumer cash use, 2012 and 2015: an introduction to the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice
O'Brien, Shaun; Greene, Claire; Schuh, Scott (2017-10-25)
U.S. consumer cash payments averaged 26 percent of all U.S. consumer payments by number (volume share) from 2008 to 2015, according to the Survey of Consumer Payment Choice (SCPC), and were essentially unchanged between 2012 and 2015. New estimates from the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice (DCPC) show that the volume share of consumer cash payments is higher than estimated in the SCPC and suggest that the cash volume share was 8 percentage points lower in 2015 than in 2012. The DCPC most likely does not provide an accurate estimate of the actual change in the cash volume share, however, due ...
Research Data Report , Paper 17-6

Briefing
Game Changer: The Evolution of Video Games’ Payments Infrastructure
Alcazar, Julian; Baird, Sam (2025-04-09)
Although video games have provided entertainment for decades, their popularity among consumers has surged since the COVID-19 pandemic.[1] As more consumers play video games, companies have changed how they monetize and distribute games to their customers as well as adapted and evolved their payments infrastructure to support new revenue models. Meanwhile, regulators are monitoring the industry due to concerns related to consumer protection, data privacy, and financial crime. This Payments System Research Briefing provides an overview of the video game industry and its evolving revenue models, ...
Payments System Research Briefing

Report
Banks' payments-driven revenues
Radecki, Lawrence J. (1999-02-01)
The amount of fee income earned by the banking sector suggests that the significance of payment services has been understated or overlooked. This paper attempts to develop a clearer picture of the importance of payment services to the industry by delineating the payments area broadly and by analyzing data disclosed in bank holding company annual reports on sources of noninterest income. ; We find that payment services bring in from one-third to two-fifths of the combined operating revenue of the twenty-five largest bank holding companies. This contribution to revenue is considerably larger ...
Staff Reports , Paper 62

Speech
The Song Remains the Same
Williams, John C. (2022-06-01)
Remarks at the New York Fed and Columbia SIPA Monetary Policy Implementation Workshop, New York City.
Speech

Working Paper
Measuring consumer expenditures with payment diaries
Schuh, Scott (2017-01-20)
As the 2012 Diary of Consumer Payment Choice (DCPC) illustrates, there are advantages to measuring consumer expenditures by tracking the authorization of payments by instrument type (cash, check, debit or credit card, etc.). The main advantages of payment diaries appear to be the following: 1) the ability to measure expenditures by payment instrument aggregated into lumpy purchases (?shopping baskets?), 2) relatively low respondent burden, and 3) effective random sampling. Three notable results emerge from comparing the 2012 DCPC estimates with estimates from other reputable estimates of the ...
Working Papers , Paper 17-2

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