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Speech
The New Stone Soup
Daly, Mary C. (2020-02-10)
Remarks at the Iveagh House Lecture, Dublin, Ireland, by Mary C. Daly, President and CEO, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, February 10, 2020.
Speech

Report
An overview of the Survey of Consumer Expectations
Armantier, Olivier; Zafar, Basit; Topa, Giorgio; Van der Klaauw, Wilbert (2016-11-17)
This report presents an overview of the Survey of Consumer Expectations, a new monthly online survey of a rotating panel of household heads. The survey collects timely information on consumers? expectations and decisions on a broad variety of topics, including but not limited to inflation, household finance, the labor market, and the housing market. There are three main goals of the survey: (1) measuring consumer expectations at a high frequency, (2) understanding how these expectations are formed, and (3) investigating the link between expectations and behavior. This report discusses the ...
Staff Reports , Paper 800

Journal Article
Average-Inflation Targeting and the Effective Lower Bound
Diwan, Renuka; Mertens, Thomas M.; Leduc, Sylvain (2020-08-10)
In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Federal Reserve cut the federal funds rate to essentially zero. It took further measures to support the functioning of financial markets and the flow of credit. Nevertheless, the economic downturn is putting downward pressure on inflation, which had already been running below the Fed’s 2% target for several years. This raises additional concerns that inflation expectations could decline and push inflation down further, ultimately hampering economic activity. A monetary policy framework based on average-inflation targeting could help address these ...
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2020 , Issue 22 , Pages 01

Journal Article
Flexible Average Inflation Targeting and Inflation Expectations: A Look at the Reaction by Professional Forecasters
Tracy, Joseph; Rich, Robert W.; Naggert, Kristoph (2021-04-06)
This Commentary examines the response of longer-run inflation expectations to the FOMC’s August 2020 announced switch to a flexible average inflation-targeting (FAIT) regime. The data indicate an upward shift in the lower end (below 2 percent) of the distribution of inflation expectations and a stronger anchoring of expectations around the 2 percent inflation objective following the announcement, evidence that is consistent with intended effects of the change in the monetary policy framework. To provide context, we also include a retrospective assessment of the response of inflation ...
Economic Commentary , Volume 2021 , Issue 09 , Pages 7

Speech
Recurring Themes for the New Year
Evans, Charles L. (2014-01-15)
A speech delivered on January 15, 2014, at the Corridor Economic Forecast Luncheon in Coralville, IA.
Speech , Paper 2

Journal Article
The Link Between Higher Commodity Prices and Inflation
Kliesen, Kevin L. (2021-09-08)
Price indexes with a larger energy component—such as the Bloomberg and Goldman Sachs–Standard & Poor’s—are more highly correlated with headline inflation.
Economic Synopses , Issue 22 , Pages 1-3

Speech
The Economic Outlook: Getting Back to "More Like Normal"
Williams, John C. (2021-02-25)
Remarks at One Hundred Black Men of New York (delivered via videoconference).
Speech

Discussion Paper
The International Experience of Central Bank Asset Purchases and Inflation
Benigno, Gianluca; Pesenti, Paolo (2021-10-20)
Recent inflationary pressures in the global economy have rekindled the debate on the link between money growth and price stability. Specifically, does rapid central bank money creation resulting from large-scale purchases of government securities fuel inflationary spending by households and firms? We argue that there are many valid reasons to be skeptical about this textbook narrative. In this post, we look at the international experience with regard to asset purchases, money growth, and inflation dynamics in the pre-COVID era in an attempt to draw lessons from the recent past. Most notably, ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20211020

Working Paper
Fiscal Dominance
Martin, Fernando M. (2021-09-20)
Who prevails when fiscal and monetary authorities disagree about the value of public expenditure and how much to discount the future? When the fiscal authority sets debt as its main policy instrument it achieves fiscal dominance, rendering the preferences of the central bank, and thus its independence, irrelevant. When the central bank sets the nominal interest rate it renders fiscal impatience (its debt bias) irrelevant, but still faces its expenditure bias. I find that the expenditure bias has a major impact on welfare through higher public spending, while the effect on other policies is ...
Working Papers , Paper 2020-040

Working Paper
Real-Time Density Nowcasts of US Inflation: A Model-Combination Approach
Knotek, Edward S.; Zaman, Saeed (2020-10-22)
We develop a flexible modeling framework to produce density nowcasts for US inflation at a trading-day frequency. Our framework: (1) combines individual density nowcasts from three classes of parsimonious mixed-frequency models; (2) adopts a novel flexible treatment in the use of the aggregation function; and (3) permits dynamic model averaging via the use of weights that are updated based on learning from past performance. Together these features provide density nowcasts that can accommodate non-Gaussian properties. We document the competitive properties of the nowcasts generated from our ...
Working Papers , Paper 20-31

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