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Speech
Welcoming remarks for the Women in Central Banking Workshop
Logan, Lorie (2024-11-01)
Dallas Fed President Lorie K. Logan delivered these remarks at the Women in Central Banking Workshop hosted at the Dallas Fed in collaboration with Norges Bank.
Speeches and Essays

Speech
Remarks at the Global Research Forum on International Macroeconomics and Finance
Hirtle, Beverly (2022-11-17)
Introductory remarks at the Global Research Forum on International Macroeconomics and Finance.
Speech

Discussion Paper
An Interoperability Framework for Payment Systems
Durfee, Jon; Lee, Michael Junho; Torregrossa, Joseph (2025-03-27)
Novel payment systems based on blockchain networks promise to redesign financial architecture, but a notable concern about these systems is whether they can be made interoperable. This concern stems from the concept of the “singleness of money”—that payments and exchange are not subject to volatility in the value of the money itself. Volatility and speculation can arise from the payment medium, which may have speculative characteristics, or from frictions that undermine the ability of one or more payments systems to interoperate. In this two-part series, we outline a framework for ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20250327a

Speech
On Balance: All Things Considered on the Road to Normal
Harker, Patrick T. (2019-03-26)
Philadelphia Fed President Patrick Harker discussed the U.S. and global economies and the Fed?s monetary policy outlook at the Official Monetary and Financial Institutions Ninth Economists? Meeting in Frankfurt, Germany. Regarding unwinding the balance sheet, Harker said a "slow and steady approach" that leads to a gradual decrease in average reserves is ?not only the safer option, it has the additional advantage of reducing uncertainty. ..."
Speech , Paper 162

Working Paper
Why Do We Need Both Liquidity Regulations and a Lender of Last Resort? A Perspective from Federal Reserve Lending during the 2007-09 U.S. Financial Crisis
Carlson, Mark A.; Duygan-Bump, Burcu; Nelson, William R. (2015-02-10)
During the 2007-09 financial crisis, there were severe reductions in the liquidity of financial markets, runs on the shadow banking system, and destabilizing defaults and near-defaults of major financial institutions. In response, the Federal Reserve, in its role as lender of last resort (LOLR), injected extraordinary amounts of liquidity. In the aftermath, lawmakers and regulators have taken steps to reduce the likelihood that such lending would be required in the future, including the introduction of liquidity regulations. These changes were motivated in part by the argument that central ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2015-11

Working Paper
Death of a Reserve Currency
Roberds, William; Quinn, Stephen F. (2014-09-01)
The Dutch bank florin was the dominant currency in Europe during much of the 17th and 18th centuries. The florin, a fiat money, was managed by an early central bank, the Bank of Amsterdam. Using a new reconstruction of the Bank of Amsterdam's balance sheet, we analyze the florin's loss of reserve currency status during the period 1781?92. The reconstruction shows that by 1784, accommodative policies rendered the Bank of Amsterdam "policy insolvent," meaning that its net worth would have been negative under continuation of its policy objectives. Policy insolvency coincided with the Bank of ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2014-17

Working Paper
Central Bank Digital Currencies: An Old Tale with a New Chapter
Bordo, Michael D.; Roberds, William (2022-12-18)
We consider the debut of a new monetary instrument, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Drawing on examples from monetary history, we argue that a successful monetary transformation must combine microeconomic efficiency with macroeconomic credibility. A paradoxical feature of these transformations is that success in the micro dimension can encourage macro failure. Overcoming this paradox may require politically uncomfortable compromises. We propose that such compromises will be necessary for the success of CBDCs.
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2022-18

Speech
Recent Global Developments and Central Bank Responsibilities in a Changing Risk Landscape
http://fedora:8080/fcrepo/rest/objects/authors/ (2020-08-05)
Remarks at the Official Sector Service Providers (OSSP)-Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM)-South East Asian Central Banks (SEACEN) Research and Training Centre Forum on Central Bank Foreign Currency Operations.
Speech

Discussion Paper
How Fed Swap Lines Supported the U.S. Corporate Credit Market amid COVID-19 Strains
Cetorelli, Nicola; Goldberg, Linda S.; Ravazzolo, Fabiola (2020-06-12)
The onset of the COVID-19 shock in March 2020 brought large changes to the balance sheets of the U.S. branches of foreign banking organizations (FBOs). Most of these branches saw sizable usage of committed credit lines by U.S.-based clients, resulting in increased funding needs. In this post, we show that branches of FBOs from countries whose central banks used standing swap lines with the Federal Reserve (“standing swap central banks”—SSCBs) met their increased funding needs by accessing dollars that flowed into the United States through their foreign parent banks. This volume of ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20200612

Discussion Paper
The Central Banking Beauty Contest
Cisternas, Gonzalo; Kolb, Aaron (2024-09-30)
Expectations can play a significant role in driving economic outcomes, with central banks factoring market sentiment into policy decisions and market participants forming their own assumptions about monetary policy. But how well do central banks understand the expectations of market participants—and vice versa? Our model, developed in a recent paper, features a dynamic game between (i) a monetary authority that cannot commit to an inflation target and (ii) a set of market participants that understand the incentives created by that credibility problem. In this post, we describe the game, a ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20240930

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