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Report
Stablecoin Disintermediation
Lee, Michael Junho; Tou, Donny (2026-02-01)
We propose a theory of stablecoin disintermediation, whereby stablecoins not only erode banks’ deposit franchises but also transmit liquidity stress to the banking system. Using transaction-level data linking on-chain transactions to wholesale interbank payments, we document the first evidence of liquidity-driven bank disintermediation. Stablecoins directly transmit liquidity shocks to the banking system: banks with stablecoin deposits experience substantial increases in payment demand and heightened liquidity exposure to daily stablecoin primary market activity. Consistent with theory, ...
Staff Reports , Paper 1185

Report
Banks' payments-driven revenues
Radecki, Lawrence J. (1999-02-01)
The amount of fee income earned by the banking sector suggests that the significance of payment services has been understated or overlooked. This paper attempts to develop a clearer picture of the importance of payment services to the industry by delineating the payments area broadly and by analyzing data disclosed in bank holding company annual reports on sources of noninterest income. ; We find that payment services bring in from one-third to two-fifths of the combined operating revenue of the twenty-five largest bank holding companies. This contribution to revenue is considerably larger ...
Staff Reports , Paper 62

Report
Monetizing Privacy
Lee, Michael Junho; Garratt, Rod (2021-01-01)
In a market where consumers choose between payment options and firms compete with products and prices, we show that payment data drives the formation of a market monopoly. A data-sharing policy can successfully restore and maintain a competitive market, but often at the expense of both efficiency and consumer welfare. The introduction of a low-cost anonymous means of electronic payment, or digital cash, preserves the market structure and improves consumers’ welfare by enabling them to monetize their private information. We discuss the potential role of central banks in providing digital ...
Staff Reports , Paper 958

Report
U.S. Consumer Cash Use, 2012 and 2015 : An Introduction to the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice, Research Data Report No. 17-6
Greene, Claire; O'Brien, Shaun; Schuh, Scott (2017-10-25)
U.S. consumer cash payments averaged 26 percent of all U.S. consumer payments by number (volume share) from 2008 to 2015, according to the Survey of Consumer Payment Choice (SCPC), and were essentially unchanged between 2012 and 2015. New estimates from the Diary of Consumer Payment Choice (DCPC) show that the volume share of consumer cash payments is higher than estimated in the SCPC and suggest that the cash volume share was 8 percentage points lower in 2015 than in 2012. The DCPC most likely does not provide an accurate estimate of the actual change in the cash volume share, however, due ...
Consumer Payments Research Data Reports , Paper 2017-06

Journal Article
Consumer Payment Choice in the Fifth District: Learning from a Retail Chain
Wolman, Alexander L.; Wang, Zhu (2016-01)
This paper studies payment variation across locations and time using five years of transactions data from a large discount retail chain with hundreds of stores across the Fifth District. The results show that the median transaction size, demographics, education levels, and state fixed effects are the top factors in explaining cross-location payment variation in the sample. We also identify interesting time patterns of payment variation, particularly the longer-term decline in the cash share of transactions largely replaced by debit.
Economic Quarterly , Issue 1Q , Pages 51-78

Discussion Paper
With Abundant Reserves, Do Banks Adjust Reserve Balances to Accommodate Payment Flows?
Kraft, Kailey; Huang, Catherine; Copeland, Adam (2022-10-12)
As a result of the global financial crisis (GFC), the Federal Reserve switched from a regime of scarce reserves to one of abundant reserves. In this post, we explore how banks’ day-to-day management of reserve balances with respect to payment flows changed with this regime switch. We find that bank behavior did not change on average; under both regimes, banks increased their opening balances when they expected higher outgoing payments and, similarly, decreased these balances with expected higher incoming payments. There are substantial differences across banks, however. At the introduction ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20221012

Journal Article
Technological Change and Central Banking
Andolfatto, David (2024-01-05)
The decentralized autonomous organization (DAO) represents a radically new way to manage databases. Since money and payments are all about managing databases and since banks play a central role in money and payments, DAO-based money and payments systems are potentially a disruptive force in the banking system—which includes central banks. One would normally expect regulatory frameworks to evolve with a changing technological landscape. However, the decentralized governance structure characteristic of DAOs renders it near impossible to regulate these entities directly—a property that makes ...
Review , Volume 106 , Issue 1 , Pages 1-9

Speech
The Song Remains the Same
Williams, John C. (2022-06-01)
Remarks at the New York Fed and Columbia SIPA Monetary Policy Implementation Workshop, New York City.
Speech

Newsletter
Fostering Payments Innovations
Neumann, Anna (2015)
The Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago hosted its 14th annual Payments Symposium on September 25?26, 2014. Industry leaders met to discuss ways to make the U.S. payment system faster, more convenient, and more secure as a whole. Participants evaluated emerging domestic payments trends and examined other countries? recent experiences with payment system upgrades to help develop a U.S. framework for future innovations
Chicago Fed Letter

Briefing
What Two Billion Retail Transactions Reveal about Consumers’ Choice of Payments
Wolman, Alexander L.; Wang, Zhu; Price, David A. (2017-04)
Although cash continues to be a major form of payment in retail transactions, data on the use of cash are challenging to obtain. Research at the Richmond Fed has exploited a large dataset of cash, check, credit card, and debit card transactions at a nationwide retail chain to examine consumer payment choice based on transaction size and location, day-of-week and day-of-month cycles, and longer-term trends.
Richmond Fed Economic Brief , Issue April

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