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Journal Article
Transparency, accounting discretion, and bank stability
Bushman, Robert M. (2016-08)
This article examines the consequences of accounting policy choices for individual banks? downside tail risk, for the codependence of such risk among banks, and for regulatory forbearance, or the decision by a regulator not to intervene. The author synthesizes recent research that provides robust empirical evidence for two effects of discretionary accounting policy choices by banks. First, these choices degrade transparency, an outcome that increases financing frictions, inhibits market discipline of bank risk taking, and allows regulatory forbearance. Second, they exacerbate capital adequacy ...
Economic Policy Review , Issue Aug , Pages 129-149

Discussion Paper
Does Bank Monitoring Affect Loan Repayment?
Branzoli, Nicola; Fringuellotti, Fulvia (2022-12-02)
Banks monitor borrowers after originating loans to reduce moral hazard and prevent loan losses. While monitoring represents an important activity of bank business, evidence on its effect on loan repayment is scant. In this post, which is based on our recent paper, we shed light on whether bank monitoring fosters loan repayment and to what extent it does so.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20221202

Working Paper
Slow capital, fast prices: Shocks to funding liquidity and stock price reversals
Gissler, Stefan (2015-02-27)
A V-shaped price pattern is often observed in financial markets - in response to a negative shock, prices fall "too far" before reversing course. This paper looks at one particular channel of such patterns: the link between a liquidity provider's balance sheet and asset prices. I examine a well-identified historical case study where a large exogenous shock to a liquidity provider's balance sheet resulted in severe capital constraints. Using evidence from German universal banks, who acted as market makers for selected stocks in the interwar period, I show in a difference-in-differences ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2015-43

Working Paper
Bank Profitability and Debit Card Interchange Regulation: Bank Responses to the Durbin Amendment
Kay, Benjamin S.; Manuszak, Mark D.; Vojtech, Cindy M. (2014-08-22)
The Durbin Amendment to the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010 alters the competitive structure of the debit card payment processing industry and caps debit card interchange fees for banks with over $10 billion in assets. Market participants predicted that debit card issuers would offset the reduction in debit interchange revenue by increases in customer account fees. Some participants also predicted that banks would cut costs in response to the law by reducing staff and shutting down branches. Using a difference-in-differences testing strategy, we show that ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2014-77

Working Paper
Macroeconomic Effects of Banking Sector Losses across Structural Models
Covas, Francisco; Kiley, Michael T.; Driscoll, John C.; Jahan-Parvar, Mohammad; Iacoviello, Matteo; Sim, Jae W.; Guerrieri, Luca; Queraltó, Albert (2015-06-03)
The macro spillover effects of capital shortfalls in the financial intermediation sector are compared across five dynamic equilibrium models for policy analysis. Although all the models considered share antecedents and a methodological core, each model emphasizes different transmission channels. This approach delivers "model-based confidence intervals" for the real and financial effects of shocks originating in the financial sector. The range of outcomes predicted by the five models is only slightly narrower than confidence intervals produced by simple vector autoregressions.
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2015-44

Journal Article
Bank corporate governance: a proposal for the post-crisis world
Macey, Jonathan R.; O'Hara, Maureen (2016-08)
The corporate governance problems of banks are qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of other firms. The authors argue that a key factor contributing to this difference is the growing opacity and complexity of bank activities, a trend that has increased the difficulty of managing risk in financial firms. They also cite the governance challenges posed by the holding company organization of banks, in which two boards of directors?the bank?s own board and the board of the holding company that owns the bank?monitor the bank. This paradigm results in significant confusion about the ...
Economic Policy Review , Issue Aug , Pages 85-105

Report
Why do banks target ROE?
Pennacchi, George; Santos, Joao A. C. (2018-06-01)
Historically, nonfinancial corporations relied on performance targets linked to their EPS. Up until the 1970s, banks also appeared to follow a similar practice, but since then they have favored ROE. Equity investors seem to be aware of these differences because EPS growth is better at explaining nonfinancials? stock market value while ROE is better at explaining banks? market values. In this paper we present a model of a bank with fixed-rate deposit insurance that faces increasing competition that erodes its charter value. When under these conditions the bank chooses its capital to maximize ...
Staff Reports , Paper 855

Journal Article
Opinion: Banks and the Commercial Real Estate Challenge
Kovner, Anna (2024-10)
Even though years have passed since the major disruptions of the COVID-19 pandemic, it's clear that demand has been hard hit for some types of commercial real estate — especially downtown office buildings. Researchers at the Richmond Fed surveyed employers in March and found that more than a third expect employees to be on site three days a week or fewer. Asset values have adjusted accordingly to this change in demand. One measure of these price declines comes from publicly traded office real estate investment trusts (REITs), where values have fallen by more than 30 percent since early 2022.
Econ Focus , Volume 24 , Issue 4Q , Pages 32

Speech
Banks and the Rise of Nonbanks in Credit Markets
Cetorelli, Nicola (2025-05-19)
Presentation at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta's 29th Annual Financial Markets Conference 2025: Financial Intermediation in Transition, delivered by Nicola Cetorelli, Head of Financial Intermediation, Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
Speech

Journal Article
Do Banks Lend to Distressed Firms?
Sanchez, Juan M.; Paul, Pascal; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel (2023-11-27)
Concerns emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic over banks continuing to lend to unproductive businesses that were close to default. Recent research shows that lenders have incentives to offer relatively better terms to less-productive and more-indebted firms to recover their prior investments. U.S. loan-level data confirm the empirical relevance of such lending behavior. A rich model of firms and banks further emphasizes that this type of lending can also depress overall productivity by sustaining firms that should otherwise exit the economy.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2023 , Issue 31 , Pages 5

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