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Journal Article
Local Origins of Business Formation
Dunne, Timothy; Haltiwanger, John; Dinlersoz, Emin M.; Penciakova, Veronika (2023-11-03)
Using comprehensive administrative data on business applications, we find that startups per capita exhibit enormous variation across counties and tracts in the United States. We decompose this spatial variation into two components: variation in business ideas per capita and in their rate of transition to startups. Both components matter for the variation in startups per capita. Furthermore, local demographic, economic, financial, and business conditions account for a significant fraction of the variation in startups per capita and in its components. In particular, income, education, age, and ...
Policy Hub , Volume 2023 , Issue 7 , Pages 12

Working Paper
Long-Run Intergenerational Effects of Social Security
Mohnen, Paul; Lockwood, Lee; Fetter, Daniel (2026-07-16)
Both historically and today, support of aging parents has largely taken the form of in-kind transfers that require physical proximity, such as housing and caregiving. If Social Security substitutes for such support, it can relax constraints on where recipients' children live and work. We investigate the long-run intergenerational effects of the early Social Security program, exploiting within-occupation, cross-industry differences in coverage, and a new dataset linking parents to their children's later-life outcomes. We find that sons whose parents had greater predicted coverage moved farther ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2026-10

Working Paper
In-migration and Dilution of Community Social Capital
Hotchkiss, Julie L.; Rupasingha, Anil (2018-07-23)
Consistent with predictions from the literature, we find that higher levels of in-migration dilute multiple dimensions of a community's level of social capital. The analysis employs a 2SLS methodology to account for potential endogeneity of migration.
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2018-5

Working Paper
Individual Social Capital and Migration
Hotchkiss, Julie L.; Rupasingha, Anil (2018-03-01)
This paper determines how individual, relative to community, social capital affects individual migration decisions. We make use of nonpublic data from the Social Capital Community Benchmark Survey to predict multidimensional social capital for observations in the Current Population Survey. We find evidence that individuals are much less likely to have moved to a community with average social capital levels lower than their own and that higher levels of community social capital act as positive pull-factor amenities. The importance of that amenity differs across urban/rural locations. We also ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2018-3

Working Paper
The Local Origins of Business Formation
Dunne, Timothy; Haltiwanger, John; Dinlersoz, Emin M.; Penciakova, Veronika (2023-08-02)
What locations generate more business ideas, and where are ideas more likely to turn into businesses? Using comprehensive administrative data on business applications, we analyze the spatial disparity in the creation of business ideas and the formation of new employer startups from these ideas. Startups per capita exhibit enormous variation across granular units of geography. We decompose this variation into variation in ideas per capita and in their rate of transition to startups, and we find that both components matter. Observable local demographic, economic, financial, and business ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2023-9

Report
SNAP: should we be worried about a sudden, sharp rise from low, long-term rates?
Ozdagli, Ali (2014-12-01)
Despite the expectations of FOMC and market participants at the beginning of 2014 to the contrary, the yield on 10-year U.S. Treasury debt declined by about 50 basis points from 2.72 percent at the beginning of 2014 to 2.17 percent as of December 22, 2014. This raises the worrisome possibility that we might observe a sudden change in longer-term yields once the Federal Reserve announces an increase in short-term rates. In other words, longer-term rates could snap, very much as they did in the summer of 2013 after the tapering announcement, once the Fed announces its first short-term rate hike ...
Current Policy Perspectives , Paper 14-11

Report
Informal work in the United States: evidence from survey responses
Bracha, Anat; Burke, Mary A. (2014-12-01)
"Informal" work refers to temporary or occasional side jobs from which earnings are presumably not reported in full to the Internal Revenue Service and which typically do not constitute a dominant or complete source of income. Perhaps the most important reason for undertaking informal work is to offset negative income and employment shocks, such as reduced hours in a formal job, stagnant wages, or involuntary unemployment. Such negative shocks affected many Americans during the Great Recession, so it is important to determine the extent to which people engaged in informal work during this ...
Current Policy Perspectives , Paper 14-13

Report
Changing patterns in informal work participation in the United States 2013–2015
Bracha, Anat; Khachiyan, Arman; Burke, Mary A. (2015-10-01)
In light of the weak labor market conditions in the United States from 2008 until recently, one might have expected that participation in alternative income-generating activities, such as informal side-jobs, would have increased during that period. By the same logic, participation in informal work should have declined more recently, as conditions in the formal labor market improved. However, recent technological innovations have created a number of new opportunities for engaging in informal work. Such innovations may have promoted structural increases in informal work participation; if so we ...
Current Policy Perspectives , Paper 15-10

Report
Rhode Island in the Great Recession: factors contributing to its sharp downturn and slow recovery
Burke, Mary A. (2014-12-01)
This paper seeks to discover why Rhode Island experienced a more severe downturn during the Great Recession than any other New England state and why it continues to lag other states in the region and the nation as a whole in some measures of labor market health.
Current Policy Perspectives , Paper 14-9

Report
English Proficiency and Labor Market Outcomes in New England
Jackson, Osborne (2026-04-01)
Proficiency in a country’s primary language is a skill that can be expected to improve labor market outcomes. Considering the United States specifically, individuals with strong English-language skills presumably could fare better in US labor markets compared with individuals who are less proficient in the language. These benefits potentially are most relevant for immigrants since their English proficiency may be lower on average than it is for natives. Given the importance of immigration to the economy of New England, where it plays a central role in population growth and where ...
New England Public Policy Center Research Report , Paper 26-2

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