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Discussion Paper
By Degree(s): Measuring Employer Demand for AI Skills by Educational Requirements
Hodge, Nye; Ruder, Alexander; Galeano, Sergio (2025-05-21)
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has prompted widespread interest and discussion about its potential to transform the labor market. For workforce development practitioners, a key issue is how AI is changing the nature of work, mainly through changes in the skills workers need to be competitive for the jobs of today and of the future. In this Workforce Currents, we explore the growth of employer demand for AI skills in online job postings data between 2010 and 2024. Lightcast, a labor analytics firm, provides job postings data that includes several useful features of ...
Workforce Currents , Paper 2025-01

Discussion Paper
Director's Welcome
Andreason, Stuart (2017-10-02)
The new Center for Workforce and Economic Opportunity will focus on employment and labor market issues. Director Stuart Andreason discusses the center's objectives in this post.
Workforce Currents , Paper 2017-01

Discussion Paper
Opportunity Occupations: Well-Paying Jobs for Middle-Skill Workers
de Zeeuw, Mels (2017-11-08)
Did you know that only 29.7 percent of Americans over the age of 25 have attained a four-year college degree? Given many policymakers' focus on increasing the share of individuals who attain a degree, that may sound like a surprisingly low number. It leaves a large group of American workers who do not have a four-year degree and lack the means or desire to obtain one in the current labor market. In fact, "middle-skill" Americans, defined as those who have obtained their high school diploma but not a four-year college degree, comprise some 57 percent of the country's total population of those ...
Workforce Currents , Paper 2017-02

Discussion Paper
Career Pathways in a Changing Labor Market
Bozarth, Ashley (2018-01-31)
Recently, labor economists, workforce development policy analysts, and workforce development practitioners gathered at the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta to examine the effects of automation and shifting labor demands on the future of work. Presenters included Dan Restuccia of Burning Glass Technologies, Sara Lamback of Jobs for the Future, Daniel Kreisman of Georgia State University, Chad Shearer of the Brookings Institution, Susan Lund of McKinsey Global Institute, and Nancey Green Leigh and Ben Kraft of Georgia Institute of Technology. The researchers collected data from job postings, ...
Workforce Currents , Paper 2018-01

Discussion Paper
Racial Disparities in the Labor Market
Bozarth, Ashley (2018-02-28)
Current research tells us that racial gaps in wages, employment, and labor participation have widened over recent decades. Many factors contribute to these disparities, including difficult to measure dynamics like discrimination, criminal conviction history, and skills gaps.
Workforce Currents , Paper 2018-02

Discussion Paper
Creating Opportunities for Young Workers
Andreason, Stuart (2018-03-28)
Integrating young workers into the workforce, especially opportunity youth, takes a deliberate approach. Considering the needs and perspectives of young workers is critical to integrating them into the workforce. Involving young adults and opportunity youth in the design and development of programs and curricula that prepare them for work will help ensure that the programs address challenges young workers face in the labor market. Creating opportunities for early work experience also plays an important role.
Workforce Currents , Paper 2018-03

Discussion Paper
Hiring Difficulties across Industries and Location
de Zeeuw, Mels (2018-04-24)
In the current tight labor market with low levels of unemployment, it is not surprising that a large share of firms experience difficulty hiring candidates for open positions. However, much is unclear about the extent of these difficulties, their underlying reasons, and how firms respond. Using data from the Federal Reserve Banks' national 2017 Small Business Credit Survey, a recent paper examines the nature of firms' hiring difficulties and how they vary by industry and geographic location. The paper also explores how the reasons behind hiring difficulties relate to firms' responses. The ...
Workforce Currents , Paper 2018-04

Discussion Paper
Policies to Close the Southern Skills Gap
Andreason, Stuart (2018-07-03)
Southern states have a number of economic and demographic characteristics that make them unique from the rest of the country—and increase the need to build skills to advance economic development in the region.
Workforce Currents , Paper 2018-05

Discussion Paper
Early Childhood Education and the Economy
Toyin-Adelaja, Tamilore (2019-01-08)
A child's first few years provide a strong foundation for future development. Early childhood education programs can increase future labor force productivity, decrease societal costs, and ultimately lead to a stronger economy.
Workforce Currents , Paper 2019-01

Discussion Paper
Promising Workforce Development Approaches
Carpenter, Ann; de Zeeuw, Mels; Ruder, Alexander (2019-01-30)
On November 9, 2018, at the New York Fed, three expert panels discussed promising approaches to investing in workforce development as part of the launch of the three-volume book Investing in America’s Workforce: Improving Outcomes for Workers and Employers. Read highlights from the discussions below.
Workforce Currents , Paper 2019-02

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