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Working Paper
Does immigration crowd natives into or out of higher education?
Jackson, Osborne (2015-10-01)
Over the past several decades, the United States has experienced some of its largest immigrant inflows since the Great Depression. This higher level of immigration has generated significant debate on the effects of such inflows on receiving markets and natives. Education market studies have found that inflows of immigrant students can displace some natives from enrollment. Meanwhile, labor market studies have primarily examined the impact of immigrant labor inflows on the wages of similarly and dissimilarly skilled natives, with mixed results. The lack of consensus in the wage studies has ...
Working Papers , Paper 15-18

Working Paper
The Role of Property Assessment Oversight in School Finance Inequality
Troland, Erin; Combs, Alex (2023-05-05)
This paper explores an under-studied channel for school finance inequality: property assessment. School districts have historically relied on local tax revenues (typically property taxes) to fund schools, which can generate disparities in funding across districts. Many states passed school finance reforms that give more state funding to poorer districts. These formulas typically discourage school districts from offsetting state funding by reducing local tax rates ("crowd out"). However, many reforms have not adequately addressed another source of inequality: property assessment accuracy and ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2023-024

Convening Identifies Key Resources for Communities Replacing Lead Service Lines
Anderson, Nathan B.; Castro, Maria; Cisar, Elizabeth; Cuenca, Karen; Saxena, Suchi (2024-06)
Communities across the United States are beginning to map and replace lead service lines (LSLs) to comply with new state and federal safe drinking water policies aimed at reducing the risk of lead exposure through drinking water.1 The states in the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago’s Seventh District—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin—are estimated to have over 2 million lead pipes, according to a September 2023 report to Congress by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Office of Water; Illinois and Wisconsin rank among the top ten states with the most lead ...
Chicago Fed Insights

Working Paper
Closing the Gap: The Impact of the Medicaid Primary Care Rate Increase on Access and Health
Schnell, Molly; Alexander, Diane (2017-05-03)
The difficulties that Medicaid beneficiaries face accessing medical care are often attributed to the program?s low reimbursement rates relative to other payers. There is little evidence, however, as to the actual effects of Medicaid payment rates for providers on access and health outcomes for beneficiaries. In this paper, we exploit time-series variation in Medicaid reimbursement rates primarily driven by the Medicaid fee bump?a provision of the Affordable Care Act mandating that states raise Medicaid payments to match Medicare rates for primary care visits for 2013 and 2014?to quantify the ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-2017-10

Report
The Effect of Constitutional Provisions on Education Policy and Outcomes
Nath, Anusha; Premik, Filip; Dallman, Scott (2021-04-26)
Education services in the United States are determined predominantly by non-market institutions, the rules of which are defined by state constitutions. This paper empirically examines the effect of changes in constitutional provisions on education outcomes in the United States. To show causal effects, we exploit discontinuities in the procedure for adopting constitutional amendments to compare outcomes when an amendment passed with those when an amendment failed. Our results show that adoption of an amendment results in higher per-pupil expenditure, higher teacher salaries, smaller class ...
Staff Report , Paper 623

Working Paper
Losing Public Health Insurance: TennCare Disenrollment and Personal Financial Distress
Tello-Trillo, D. Sebastian; Argys, Laura; Friedson, Andrew; Pitts, M. Melinda (2017-08-01)
A main goal of health insurance is to smooth out the financial risk that comes with health shocks and health care. Nevertheless, there has been relatively sparse evidence on how health insurance affects financial outcomes. The few studies that exist focus on the effect of gaining health insurance. This paper explores the effect of losing public health insurance on measures of individual financial well-being. In 2005, the state of Tennessee dropped about 170,000 individuals from Medicaid, resulting in a plausibly exogenous shock to health insurance status. Both across- and within-county ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2017-6

Working Paper
How to Design a State Education Aid Formula That Is Equitable, Adequate, and Politically Feasible: The Case of Connecticut
Zhao, Bo (2020-09-01)
After being sued for inequity and inadequacy in school funding, many states have reformed their education aid policies. Using Connecticut as an example, this paper shows how to design a state education aid formula that can effectively address funding inequity and inadequacy while taking political feasibility into account. It first develops a measure of the gap between education cost and revenue capacity, both of which are estimated using school district characteristics that are outside the direct control of local officials at any given point in time. It then uses each district’s ...
Working Papers , Paper 21-1

Working Paper
I've Got 99 Problems But a Bill Ain't One: Hospital Billing Caps and Financial Distress in California
Antwi, Yaa Akosa; Blascak, Nathan; Aouad, Marion (2023-09-19)
We examine the financial consequences of the 2007 California Fair Pricing Law (FPL), a law that places a price ceiling on hospital bills for uninsured and financially vulnerable individuals. Using difference-in difference-in-differences models, we exploit cross-sectional variation in exposure to the law to estimate the causal effects of the FPL on different measures of financial distress. We find that the law reduces the medical and non-medical debt burden of individuals targeted by the law, with the likelihood of incurring non-medical debt in collections declining by 14.5 percent and the ...
Working Papers , Paper 23-20

Working Paper
The Returns to Public Library Investment
Nencka, Peter; Karger, Ezra; Gilpin, Gregory (2021-04-12)
Local governments spend over 12 billion dollars annually funding the operation of 15,000 public libraries in the United States. This funding supports widespread library use: more than 50% of Americans visit public libraries each year. But despite extensive public investment in libraries, surprisingly little research quantities the effects of public libraries on communities and children. We use data on the near-universe of U.S. public libraries to study the effects of capital spending shocks on library resources, patron usage, student achievement, and local housing prices. We use a dynamic ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-2021-06

Report
Clientelistic Politics and Pro-Poor Targeting: Rules versus Discretionary Budgets
Nath, Anusha; Mookherjee, Dilip (2021-05-04)
Past research has provided evidence of clientelistic politics in delivery of program benefits by local governments (gram panchayats (GPs)), and manipulation of GP program budgets by legislators and elected officials at upper tiers in West Bengal, India. Using household panel survey data spanning 1998-2008, we examine the consequences of clientelism for distributive equity. We find that targeting of anti-poverty programs was progressive both within and across GPs, and is explained by greater 'vote responsiveness' of poor households to receipt of welfare benefits. Across-GP allocations were ...
Staff Report , Paper 624

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