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Report
The Effect of Constitutional Provisions on Education Policy and Outcomes
Nath, Anusha; Premik, Filip; Dallman, Scott (2021-04-26)
Education services in the United States are determined predominantly by non-market institutions, the rules of which are defined by state constitutions. This paper empirically examines the effect of changes in constitutional provisions on education outcomes in the United States. To show causal effects, we exploit discontinuities in the procedure for adopting constitutional amendments to compare outcomes when an amendment passed with those when an amendment failed. Our results show that adoption of an amendment results in higher per-pupil expenditure, higher teacher salaries, smaller class ...
Staff Report , Paper 623

Report
Online Appendix for: How Do Voters Respond to Welfare vis-à-vis Public Good Programs? An Empirical Test for Clientelism
Bardhan, Pranab; Mitra, Sandip; Mookherjee, Dilip; Nath, Anusha (2022-03-17)
This appendix accompanies Staff Report 605: How Do Voters Respond to Welfare vis-à-vis Public Good Programs? An Empirical Test for Clientelism.
Staff Report , Paper 638

Working Paper
The Great Migration and Educational Opportunity
Baran, Cavit; Chyn, Eric; Stuart, Bryan (2022-02-08)
This paper studies the impact of the First Great Migration on children. We use the complete count 1940 Census to estimate selection-corrected place effects on education for children of Black migrants. On average, Black children gained 0.8 years of schooling (12 percent) by moving from the South to the North. Many counties that had the strongest positive impacts on children during the 1940s offer relatively poor opportunities for Black youth today. Opportunities for Black children were greater in places with more schooling investment, stronger labor market opportunities for Black adults, more ...
Working Papers , Paper 22-04

Convening Identifies Key Resources for Communities Replacing Lead Service Lines
Anderson, Nathan B.; Castro, Maria; Cisar, Elizabeth; Cuenca, Karen; Saxena, Suchi (2024-06)
Communities across the United States are beginning to map and replace lead service lines (LSLs) to comply with new state and federal safe drinking water policies aimed at reducing the risk of lead exposure through drinking water.1 The states in the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago’s Seventh District—Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, and Wisconsin—are estimated to have over 2 million lead pipes, according to a September 2023 report to Congress by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Office of Water; Illinois and Wisconsin rank among the top ten states with the most lead ...
Chicago Fed Insights

Working Paper
Losing Public Health Insurance: TennCare Disenrollment and Personal Financial Distress
Argys, Laura; Friedson, Andrew; Pitts, M. Melinda; Tello-Trillo, D. Sebastian (2017-08-01)
A main goal of health insurance is to smooth out the financial risk that comes with health shocks and health care. Nevertheless, there has been relatively sparse evidence on how health insurance affects financial outcomes. The few studies that exist focus on the effect of gaining health insurance. This paper explores the effect of losing public health insurance on measures of individual financial well-being. In 2005, the state of Tennessee dropped about 170,000 individuals from Medicaid, resulting in a plausibly exogenous shock to health insurance status. Both across- and within-county ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2017-6

Discussion Paper
Developing Inclusive Communities: Challenges and Opportunities for Mixed-Income Housing
Duckworth, Richard; Carpenter, Ann; Lewis Glover, Renée (2017-06-01)
Over the past decade, housing costs have risen faster than incomes. The need for affordable rental housing has well outpaced the number of available units as well as funding allocations at the federal level. Local regulation and land use policies that increase the cost of subsidized, mixed-income housing construction and preservation have contributed to the affordability problem. {{p}} To meet the affordable housing needs in U.S. communities, innovation, creativity, and "out of the box" thinking may be required, particularly as it relates to reducing the rapidly increasing costs of ...
FRB Atlanta Community and Economic Development Discussion Paper , Paper 2017-1

Identifying Information Gaps to Help Communities Navigate Lead Service Line Replacement
Anderson, Nathan B.; Castro, Maria; Cuenca, Karen; Saxena, Suchi; Cisar, Elizabeth (2024-06)
In response to state and federal policy changes, communities across the United States have been developing strategies to undertake the large-scale and complex process of replacing millions of lead service lines (LSLs). These lead pipes supply drinking water to homes and risk exposing households to lead, which can have long-term repercussions for a child’s development and cause chronic health issues in an adult. The challenge of replacing LSLs is felt acutely in the heart of the Midwest—home to the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago’s Seventh District, which comprises all of Iowa and most ...
Chicago Fed Insights

Discussion Paper
Mitigating Benefits Cliffs for Low-Income Families: District of Columbia Career Mobility Action Plan as a Case Study
Ilin, Elias; Sanchez, Alvaro (2023-09-26)
The structure of the United States social safety net features the phaseout of public assistance as household income increases, which functions as an effective marginal tax on wage gains and is commonly referred to as a "benefits cliff." This presents a disincentive for some low-income workers, especially those with children, to accept higher-paying jobs or promotions. Workforce development programs focused on helping low-income workers must contend with the challenges that benefits cliffs present to the career advancement of their clients. In this paper, we describe the overall structure of ...
FRB Atlanta Community and Economic Development Discussion Paper , Paper 2023-01

Working Paper
State Appropriations and Employment at Higher Education Institutions
Hinrichs, Peter (2022-11-10)
his paper studies the impacts of state appropriations on staffing and salaries at public higher education institutions in the United States using employment and revenue data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System, along with an instrumental variables strategy borrowed from Deming and Walters (2018) and Chakrabarti, Gorton, and Lovenheim (2020). The instrument sidesteps the potential endogeneity of state appropriations for a given institution in a given year by interacting an institution’s historical reliance on state appropriations with total state appropriations for all ...
Working Papers , Paper 22-32

Working Paper
The Effects of the Massachusetts Health Reform on Financial Distress
Mazumder, Bhashkar; Miller, Sarah (2014-01-23)
A major benefit of health insurance coverage is that it protects the insured from unexpected medical costs that may devastate their personal finances. In this paper, we use detailed credit report information on a large panel of individuals to examine the effect of a major health care reform in Massachusetts in 2006 on a broad set of financial outcomes. The Massachusetts model served as the basis for the Affordable Care Act and allows us to examine the effect of coverage on financial outcomes for the entire population of the uninsured, not just those with very low incomes. We exploit plausibly ...
Working Paper Series , Paper WP-2014-1

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