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Report
Consumer Payment Choice for Bill Payments
Greene, Claire; Stavins, Joanna (2020-06-16)
Why do U.S. consumers pay their bills the way they do? Using data from a recent diary of consumer payment behavior, we find that the type of bill consumers are paying and how they are paying (online or automatically) are important factors in determining the payment method, in addition to the dollar value of the bill and the demographic and income profile of the individual who is paying. In contrast, dollar value and demographic attributes are found to be the most important factors determining the payment instrument chosen for purchases. Consumer choices for bill payments are somewhat ...
Consumer Payments Research Data Reports , Paper 2020-05

Report
The Monetary and Fiscal History of Brazil, 1960-2016
Kehoe, Patrick J.; Ayres, Joao Luiz; Guillen, Diogo; Garcia, Marcio (2018-12-20)
Brazil has had a long period of high inflation. It peaked around 100 percent per year in 1964, decreased until the first oil shock (1973), but accelerated again afterward, reaching levels above 100 percent on average between 1980 and 1994. This last period coincided with severe balance of payments problems and economic stagnation that followed the external debt crisis in the early 1980s. We show that the high-inflation period (1960-1994) was characterized by a combination of fiscal deficits, passive monetary policy, and constraints on debt financing. The transition to the low-inflation period ...
Staff Report , Paper 575

Journal Article
Payment Card Adoption and Payment Choice
Greene, Claire; Shy, Oz (2022-07-11)
Using data from the 2021 Diary of Consumer Payment Choice, this article investigates two questions: how do consumers without credit or debit cards make payments, and do consumers without these payment cards differ from other consumers?
Policy Hub , Volume 2022 , Issue 10

Working Paper
Central Bank Digital Currencies: An Old Tale with a New Chapter
Bordo, Michael D.; Roberds, William (2022-12-18)
We consider the debut of a new monetary instrument, central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). Drawing on examples from monetary history, we argue that a successful monetary transformation must combine microeconomic efficiency with macroeconomic credibility. A paradoxical feature of these transformations is that success in the micro dimension can encourage macro failure. Overcoming this paradox may require politically uncomfortable compromises. We propose that such compromises will be necessary for the success of CBDCs.
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2022-18

Briefing
Are Contactless Payments Finally Poised for Adoption?
Bradford, Terri (2021-04-14)
Two types of contactless payments, near-field communication (NFC) and quick response (QR) code, have seen a boost from the COVID-19 pandemic.
Payments System Research Briefing

Journal Article
Should the United States Issue a Central Bank Digital Currency? Lessons from Abroad
Kahn, Charles M. (2022-06-22)
If the web 3.0 requires a public ledger–based payments platform, central bank digital currency (CBDC) is unlikely to provide the digital currency needed to fuel the smart contracts of tomorrow. This payments dilemma can be solved by a hybrid digital currency that includes a new type of bank deposit as well as regulated private stablecoins, both of which clear and settle on a next-generation public ledger created and managed as a joint venture between banks and private stablecoin issuers. With this payments platform under Federal Reserve oversight, there would be no need for the Federal ...
Policy Hub , Volume 2022 , Issue 8

Discussion Paper
The Future of Payments Is Not Stablecoins
Garratt, Rod; Lee, Michael Junho; Martin, Antoine; Torregrossa, Joseph (2022-02-07)
Stablecoins, which we define as digital assets used as a medium of exchange that are purported to be backed by assets held specifically for that purpose, have grown considerably in the last two years. They rose from a market capitalization of $5.7 billion on December 1, 2019, to $155.6 billion on January 21, 2022. Moreover, a market that was once dominated by a single stablecoin—Tether (USDT)—now boasts five stablecoins with valuations over $1 billion (as of January 21, 2022; data about the supply of stablecoins can be found here). Analysts have started to pay increased attention to the ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20220207

Working Paper
Should Central Banks Issue Digital Currency?
Keister, Todd; Sanches, Daniel R. (2019-06-03)
We study how the introduction of a central bank-issued digital currency affects interest rates, the level of economic activity, and welfare in an environment where both central bank money and private bank deposits are used in exchange. Banks in our model are financially constrained, and the liquidity premium on bank deposits affects the level of aggregate investment. We study the optimal design of a digital currency in this setting, including whether it should pay interest and how widely it should circulate. We highlight an important policy tradeoff: while a digital currency tends to promote ...
Working Papers , Paper 19-26

Journal Article
Trends in the use of payment instruments in the United States
Liu, May X.; Gerdes, Geoffrey R.; Parke, Darrel W.; Walton, Jack K. (2005-04)
In 2003, for the first time, the number of electronic payments in the United States exceeded the number of check payments--a result of substantial growth in electronic payments (especially by debit card) and a decline in check payments. The shift toward electronic payments suggests that, as with other large economies, many payments formerly made by check are now being made with electronic payment instruments. As in past years, however, the value of checks far exceeded the value of commonly used electronic payments. ; Comparisons among groups of depository institutions of different types and ...
Federal Reserve Bulletin , Volume 91 , Issue Spr , Pages 180-201

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