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Working Paper
Incomplete Markets and Exchange Rates
Singh, Sanjay R.; Marin, Emile A. (2025-07-08)
We show imperfect risk-sharing within countries can reconcile the aggregate cyclicality of exchange rates in a two-country setting, i.e. the Backus-Smith puzzle, as long as exchange rates are sufficiently risky with respect to idiosyncratic states. In equilibrium, these exchange rate dynamics require that, despite a country experiencing higher consumption growth, idiosyncratic risk remains relatively elevated. Furthermore, we identify distinct roles for market incompleteness both within and across countries, to match key moments of exchange rates. Turning to household-level data, we measure ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-11

Working Paper
Firm Search in the Labor Market: Evidence from Help-Wanted Advertisements
Traum, Nora; Woodward, Greg; Petrosky-Nadeau, Nicolas; Bi, Huixin (2026-05-20)
We construct new monthly city-level and national measures of firm search for workers from 1900 to 1938, drawing on approximately 5 million scanned help-wanted advertisements from five U.S. newspapers, with breakdowns by gender. We document four main findings: (1) firm search effort is procyclical, declining sharply at the onset of recessions; (2) posting costs affect advertising behavior, but the effect is modest, with an elasticity of -0.0$; (3) the U.S. Beveridge curve has been stable for the past 125 years, with matching elasticities of 0.57 pre-WWII and 0.55 post-WWII; and (4) help-wanted ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-13

Working Paper
A Tale of Two Tightenings
Voutilainen, Ville; Kwan, Simon H. (2025-08-04)
Both the magnitude and the pace of monetary policy tightening in the euro area during 2022-23 were historically large and fast. Yet, the real economy proved to be resilient. In this paper, we analyze the pass through of the ECB’s changes in the policy rate to mortgage rates in Finland during the post-pandemic period of 2022-23, when the policy liftoff began at the negative interest rate territory, using the normal tightening cycle in 2006-08 as control. We use monthly data and three different empirical methodologies: event studies, high-frequency identification, and exposure-measure ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-14

Working Paper
Information Acquisition and the Finance-Uncertainty Trap
Dong, Ding; Li, Zhaorui; Hu, Allen; Liu, Zheng (2025-07-05)
Using novel measures of information acquisition, we document causal evidence of a feedback loop between firms’ credit access and information acquisition. To examine the macroeconomic implications of this feedback loop, we develop a tractable general equilibrium framework with financial frictions and endogenous information acquisition. In line with the empirical evidence, the model predicts that a rise in information costs raises the level of uncertainty and reduces a firm’s equity value, hampering its credit access. On the other hand, tightened credit constraints restrain activity of ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-12

Working Paper
Asset Prices and Credit with Diagnostic Expectations
Taylor, Alan M.; Jordà, Òscar; Singh, Sanjay R.; Cloyne, James (2025-08-22)
Using long-run cross-country panel data, we document that (i) contemporaneous credit growth strongly predicts contemporaneous equity returns with positive sign, and (ii) lagged credit growth strongly predicts contemporaneous equity returns with negative sign. This correlation reversal is robust to added controls for contemporaneous and lagged consumption growth and these credit factors have greater explanatory power than the consumption factors. We find that a general equilibrium model with financial frictions and rational expectations fails to match the empirically estimated sign on ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-15

Working Paper
Inflation Since the Pandemic: Lessons and Challenges
Hajdini, Ina; Shapiro, Adam Hale; Villar Vallenas, Daniel; Smith, Andrew Lee (2025-08-29)
This paper reviews the drivers of the post-pandemic U.S. inflation surge and subsequent decline, including the behavior and role of inflation expectations. The sharp rise in inflation reflected severe imbalances between supply and demand stemming from the shocks of the pandemic and the policy response. Measures of short-term inflation expectations increased alongside realized inflation, especially those of households and firms, which may have contributed to inflation’s persistence through price- and wage-setting behavior. However, measures of longer-term inflation expectations remained ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-16

Working Paper
Evaluating Macroeconomic Outcomes Under Asymmetries: Expectations Matter
Bundick, Brent; Cairó, Isabel; Petrosky-Nadeau, Nicolas (2025-09-05)
Asymmetries play an important role in many macroeconomic models. We show that assumptions on household and firm expectations play a key role in determining the effects of these asymmetries on macroeconomic outcomes. If households and firms have perfect foresight and hence do not account for the possibility of future shocks, then the implied longer-run averages and distributions for unemployment and inflation can differ significantly from their rational expectations counterparts. We first derive this result analytically under either an asymmetric monetary policy rule or a nonlinear Phillips ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-17

Working Paper
Estimating National Weather Effects from the Ground Up
Wilson, Daniel J. (2025-09-23)
Understanding the effects of weather on macroeconomic data is critically important, but it is hampered by limited time series observations. Utilizing geographically granular panel data leverages greater observations but introduces a “missing intercept” problem: “global” (e.g., nationwide spillovers and GE) effects are absorbed by time fixed effects. Standard solutions are infeasible when the number of global regressors is large. To overcome these problems and estimate granular, global, and total weather effects, we implement a two-step approach utilizing machine learning techniques. ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-18

Working Paper
Accounting for Uncertainty and Risks in Monetary Policy
Bauer, Michael D.; Loria, Francesca; Zhong, Molin; Berge, Travis J.; Fiori, Giuseppe (2025-09-23)
This paper discusses the measurement, assessment, and communication of risks and uncertainty that are relevant for monetary policy. It provides a taxonomy of policy-relevant uncertainty related to the state and the structure of the economy, and the formation of expectations. A wide range of tools is available to assess and quantify uncertainty and the balance of risks. Qualitative assessments of uncertainty—in policy statements, minutes, and speeches—are the main tools to communicate uncertainty and the balance of risks across major central banks. However, the use of quantitative tools ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-19

Working Paper
Local Projections Bootstrap Inference
Gadea, Maria; Jordà, Òscar (2025-09-25)
Bootstrap procedures for local projections typically rely on assuming that the data generating process (DGP) is a finite order vector autoregression (VAR), often taken to be that implied by the local projection at horizon 1. Although convenient, it is well documented that a VAR can be a poor approximation to impulse dynamics at horizons beyond its lag length. In this paper we assume instead that the precise form of the parametric model generating the data is not known. If one is willing to assume that the DGP is perhaps an infinite order process, a larger class of models can be accommodated ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-21

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