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Discussion Paper
Unstable Coins: The Early History of Central Bank Analog Currencies
Roberds, William (2022-03-03)
Recently, there has been much discussion as to whether central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) should be introduced, and if so, how they should be designed. This article offers a historical perspective on this discussion, with a survey of early public bank (proto-central bank) "analog currencies"—circulating banknotes. Public banknotes were an experimental product when they were first issued in sixteenth-century Naples, but by the late nineteenth century, such notes could be found in most European countries. In between came all sorts of implementation difficulties: egregious insider fraud, ...
Policy Hub* , Paper 2022-02

Discussion Paper
Who Benefited Most from the CARES Act Unemployment Insurance Provisions?
Fang, Lei; Xie, Zoe; Nie, Jun (2022-04-07)
The regular unemployment insurance (UI) program in the United States requires workers to have a minimum amount of earnings as well as a sufficient work history before unemployment. Low-wage workers are more likely to have a short work history before unemployment because they are more likely to be separated from their jobs. Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA) under the CARES Act temporarily eliminated the requirements for minimum past earnings and length of employment, thus making many low-wage workers who were ineligible for UI under the regular program temporarily eligible. The extra ...
Policy Hub* , Paper 2022-04

Discussion Paper
The Impact of the Pandemic on US Businesses: New Results from the Annual Business Survey
Meyer, Brent; Schweitzer, Mark E. (2022-03-22)
Working with Federal Reserve staff, the US Census Bureau added to the 2021 Annual Business Survey (ABS) a special module of questions focused on the pandemic and small business finances. Questions ranged from the impact of the pandemic on business sales, to government assistance requested/received, and to the financial health of the firm. In this article, we report the results of these questions—and how they differ by race and ethnicity. The survey finds that more than 60 percent of business experienced declines in sales. Fully one-third experienced significant declines. More than 70 ...
Policy Hub* , Paper 2022-03

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