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Working Paper
Asset price declines and real estate market illiquidity: evidence from Japanese land values
Yamori, Nobuyoshi; Spiegel, Mark M.; Krainer, John (2005)
We develop an overlapping generations model of the real estate market in which search frictions and a debt overhang combine to generate price persistence and illiquidity. Illiquidity stems from heterogeneity in agent real estate valuations. The variance of agent valuations determines how quickly prices adjust following a shock to fundamentals. We examine the predictions of the model by studying price depreciation in Japanese land values subsequent to the 1990 stock market crash. Commercial land values fell much more quickly than residential land values. As we would posit that the variance of ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2004-16

Journal Article
Is China due for a slowdown?
Spiegel, Mark M.; Malkin, Israel (2012)
Many analysts have predicted that a Chinese economic slowdown is inevitable because the country is approaching the per capita income at which growth in other countries began to decelerate. However, China may escape such a slowdown because of its uneven development. An analysis based on episodes of rapid expansion in four other Asian countries suggests that growth in China?s more developed provinces may slow to 5.5% by the close of the decade. But growth in the country?s less-developed provinces is expected to run at a robust 7.5% pace.
FRBSF Economic Letter

Journal Article
Predicting crises, part II: Did anything matter (to everybody)?
Spiegel, Mark M.; Rose, Andrew K. (2009)
The enormity of the current financial collapse raises the question whether the crisis could have been predicted. This is the second of two Economic Letters on the topic. This Letter examines research suggesting that early warning models would not have accurately predicted the relative severity of the current crisis across countries, casting doubt on the ability of such models to forecast similar crises in the future.
FRBSF Economic Letter

Journal Article
Fiscal constraints in the EMU
Spiegel, Mark M. (1997)
FRBSF Economic Letter

Working Paper
Domestic bond markets and inflation
Spiegel, Mark M.; Rose, Andrew K. (2015-02-17)
This paper explores the relationship between inflation and the existence of a local, nominal, publicly-traded, long-maturity, domestic-currency bond market. Bond holders are exposed to capital losses through inflation and therefore represent a potential anti-inflationary force; we ask whether their influence is apparent both theoretically and empirically. We develop a simple theoretical model with heterogeneous agents where the issuance of such bonds leads to political pressure on the government to choose a lower inflation rate. We then check this prediction empirically using a panel of data, ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2015-5

Journal Article
Monetary and financial integration: evidence from the EMU
Spiegel, Mark M. (2004)
FRBSF Economic Letter

Working Paper
Is China fudging its figures? Evidence from trading partner data
Spiegel, Mark M.; Fernald, John G.; Hsu, Eric (2015-09-21)
How reliable are China?s GDP and other data? We address this question by using trading-partner exports to China as an independent measure of its economic activity from 2000-2014. We find that the information content of Chinese GDP improves markedly after 2008. We also consider a number of plausible, non-GDP indicators of economic activity that have been identified as alternative Chinese output measures. We find that activity factors based on the first principal component of sets of indicators are substantially more informative than GDP alone. The index that best matches activity in-sample ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2015-12

Journal Article
British central bank independence and inflation expectations
Spiegel, Mark M. (1997)
FRBSF Economic Letter

Journal Article
Small Business Lending during COVID-19
Lopez, Jose A.; Spiegel, Mark M.; Beauregard, Remy (2020-11-23)
Small businesses and farms were hit hard by restrictions that limited their ability to pay operating costs during the COVID-19 crisis. Banks played an important supportive role, substantially expanding the loans available to these firms during the early months of the crisis. The growth in lending was associated with small business participation in the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and bank use of the PPP Liquidity Facility. Analyzing data for the first half of 2020 suggests that these programs were successful in supporting lending growth during the crisis, particularly among small banks.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2020 , Issue 35 , Pages 01-05

Working Paper
Small Business Lending Under the PPP and PPPLF Programs
Lopez, Jose A.; Spiegel, Mark M. (2021-04-08)
We examine the effects of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) and the PPP Liquidity Facility (PPPLF) on small business lending. The PPP was launched under the CARES Act of March 2020 to provide support for small businesses under the COVID-19 pandemic, while the PPPLF was an affiliated program administered by the Federal Reserve to facilitate the maintenance of liquidity among banks participating in the PPP. We use Call Report data to examine the contributions of these two programs on small business and farm lending by individual commercial banks in the United States. As participation in the ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2021-10

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