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The changing nature of financial intermediation and the financial crisis of 2007-09
Adrian, Tobias; Shin, Hyun Song (2010)
The financial crisis of 2007-09 highlighted the changing role of financial institutions and the growing importance of the "shadow banking system," which grew out of the securitization of assets and the integration of banking with capital market developments. This trend was most pronounced in the United States, but it also had a profound influence on the global financial system as a whole. In a market-based financial system, banking and capital market developments are inseparable, and funding conditions are tied closely to fluctuations in the leverage of market-based financial intermediaries. ...
Staff Reports , Paper 439

Report
Intraday market making with overnight inventory costs
Vogt, Erik; Fleming, Michael J.; Zhang, Hongzhong; Capponi, Agostino; Adrian, Tobias (2016-10-01)
The U.S. Treasury market is highly intermediated by nonbank principal trading ﬁrms (PTFs). Limited capital forces PTFs to end the trading day roughly ﬂat. We construct a continuous time market making model to analyze the trade-oﬀ faced by a proﬁt-maximizing ﬁrm with overnight inventory costs, and develop closed-form representations of the optimal price policy functions. Our model reveals that bid-ask spreads widen as the end of the trading day approaches, and that increases in order arrival rates do not always lead to higher price volatility. Our empirical analysis shows that ...
Staff Reports , Paper 799

Report
The cost of capital of the financial sector
Muir, Tyler; Adrian, Tobias; Friedman, Evan (2015-12-01)
Standard factor pricing models do not capture well the common time-series or cross-sectional variation in average returns of financial stocks. We propose a five-factor asset pricing model that complements the standard Fama and French (1993) three-factor model with a financial sector ROE factor (FROE) and the spread between the financial sector and the market return (SPREAD). This five-factor model helps to alleviate the pricing anomalies for financial sector stocks and also performs well for nonfinancial sector stocks compared with the Fama and French (2014) five-factor model or the Hou, Xue, ...
Staff Reports , Paper 755

Report
Discussion of “Systemic Risk and the Solvency-Liquidity Nexus of Banks”
Adrian, Tobias (2015-04-01)
Pierret (2015) presents empirical analysis of the solvency-liquidity nexus for the banking system, documenting that a shock to the level of banks? solvency risk is followed by lower short-term debt. Conversely, higher short-term debt Granger-causes higher solvency risk. These results point toward a tight interaction between solvency and liquidity risk over time. My comments are threefold. First, I suggest improving the identification of shocks in Pierret?s vector autoregressive setup. Second, I caution against using the quantitative results as the basis for setting policy. Third, I recommend ...
Staff Reports , Paper 722

Report
Monetary cycles, financial cycles, and the business cycle
Shin, Hyun Song; Estrella, Arturo; Adrian, Tobias (2010)
One of the most robust stylized facts in macroeconomics is the forecasting power of the term spread for future real activity. The economic rationale for this forecasting power usually appeals to expectations of future interest rates, which affect the slope of the term structure. In this paper, we propose a possible causal mechanism for the forecasting power of the term spread, deriving from the balance sheet management of financial intermediaries. When monetary tightening is associated with a flattening of the term spread, it reduces net interest margin, which in turn makes lending less ...
Staff Reports , Paper 421

Report
Pricing the term structure with linear regressions
Moench, Emanuel; Adrian, Tobias (2008)
We estimate the time series and cross section of bond returns by way of three-stage ordinary least squares, which we label dynamic Fama-MacBeth regressions. Our approach allows for estimation of models with a large number of pricing factors. Even though we do not impose yield cross-equation restrictions in the estimation, we show that our bond return regressions generate a term structure of interest rates with small yield errors when compared with commonly reported specifications. We uncover specifications that give rise to lower pricing errors than do commonly advocated specifications, both ...
Staff Reports , Paper 340

Discussion Paper
Liquidity Risk, Liquidity Management, and Liquidity Policies
Santos, Joao A. C.; Adrian, Tobias (2014-04-14)
During the 2007-09 financial crisis, banks experienced widespread funding shortages, with shortfalls even hindering adequately capitalized banks. The Federal Reserve responded to the funding shortages by creating liquidity backstops to insulate the real economy from the banking sector?s liquidity crisis. The regulatory reforms initiated by the Dodd-Frank Act and Basel III introduced systematic liquidity risk management into bank regulations. In the past year, research economists from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York have undertaken a number of research projects to further the conceptual ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20140414b

Report
The shadow banking system: implications for financial regulation
Shin, Hyun Song; Adrian, Tobias (2009-07-01)
The current financial crisis has highlighted the growing importance of the "shadow banking system," which grew out of the securitization of assets and the integration of banking with capital market developments. This trend has been most pronounced in the United States, but it has had a profound influence on the global financial system. In a market-based financial system, banking and capital market developments are inseparable: Funding conditions are closely tied to fluctuations in the leverage of market-based financial intermediaries. Growth in the balance sheets of these intermediaries ...
Staff Reports , Paper 382

Report
Shadow bank monitoring
Cetorelli, Nicola; Ashcraft, Adam B.; Adrian, Tobias (2013-09-01)
We provide a framework for monitoring the shadow banking system. The shadow banking system consists of a web of specialized financial institutions that conduct credit, maturity, and liquidity transformation without direct, explicit access to public backstops. The lack of such access to sources of government liquidity and credit backstops makes shadow banks inherently fragile. Shadow banking activities are often intertwined with core regulated institutions such as bank holding companies, security brokers and dealers, and insurance companies. These interconnections of shadow banks with other ...
Staff Reports , Paper 638

Report
Macroprudential policy: case study from a tabletop exercise
Zlate, Andrei; de Fontnouvelle, Patrick; Yang, Emily; Adrian, Tobias (2015-09-01)
Since the global financial crisis of 2007-09, policymakers and academics around the world have advocated the use of prudential tools for macroprudential purposes. This paper presents a macroprudential tabletop exercise that aimed at confronting Federal Reserve Bank presidents with a plausible, albeit hypothetical, macro-financial scenario that would lend itself to macroprudential considerations. In the tabletop exercise, the primary macroprudential objective was to reduce the likelihood and severity of possible future financial disruptions associated with the hypothetical overheating ...
Staff Reports , Paper 742

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