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Journal Article
A Business Cycle Analysis of Debt and Equity Financing
This article provides an introductory, yet comprehensive, business cycle analysis of firm financing. Using data from Compustat, we find that debt issuance is procyclical while the net sale of stock is countercyclical. However, an equity financing measure that includes stock compensation and especially mergers turns out to be weakly procyclical. Nevertheless, there is widespread heterogeneity in firm financing. Compared to large firms, the equity issuance of small firms tends to be more procyclical while debt issuance tends to be less procyclical. We then examine how well a quantitative model ...
Discussion Paper
A Crooked Road to a Creative Economy
The Crooked Road trail celebrates the cultural history of Appalachian music and arts. In 2015, it was estimated to bring $6.4 million in tourism spending to the region annually and continues to promote growth in southwest Virginia’s tourism industry today.
Discussion Paper
April Update: The Coronavirus and Firms in the Fifth Dis
Over the past several weeks, social distancing and shutdowns have impacted our economy. Fifth District firms continued to tell us how COVID-19 has affected their business operations in recent surveys.
Journal Article
The Financial Crisis, the Collapse of Bank Entry, and Changes in the Size Distribution of Banks
We document the effects of the recent financial crisis on the size distribution of U.S. commercial banks. There was a 14 percent drop in the number of banks from 2007 to 2013. Proportionally, the largest declines were to the smallest banks, those with less than $100 million in assets. This drop in the number of small banks is not due to bank failures. Despite the severity of the crisis, the rate at which a bank exits the industry, either due to failure or acquisition, is similar to that before the crisis. We show that there has been very little entry into banking since the crisis and that ...
Discussion Paper
Wages Are Rising: How Far Will They Go?
Discussion Paper
Community College Enrollment in Fall 2020: What We Know So Far
Discussion Paper
What Businesses are Saying About the COVID Crisis
While the majority of businesses surveyed have suffered some negative effects and loss of revenue as result of the COVID-19 crisis, most firms remained open and operating, at least partially, when surveyed.While the majority of businesses surveyed have suffered some negative effects and loss of revenue as result of the COVID-19 crisis, most firms remained open and operating, at least partially, when surveyed.
Discussion Paper
Demand for Goods Grows: Will Manufacturers Be Able to Meet It?
Discussion Paper
Remote Work and COVID-19: What Have Firms Learned?
Discussion Paper
We’re All Out: Firms Struggle to Fully Meet Customer Demand