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Report
The risk of fire sales in the tri-party repo market
McAndrews, James J.; Martin, Antoine; McLaughlin, Susan; Begalle, Brian (2013-05-01)
This paper studies the risk of "fire sales" in the tri-party repo market, a large and important market where securities dealers find short-term funding for a substantial portion of their own and their clients' assets. We distinguish between fire sales of assets by a dealer who, facing a run that could lead to default, sells securities to generate liquidity, and fire sales of assets by repo investors after a dealer's default has occurred. While fire sales do cause damage no matter how they arise, the tools available to lessen the harm from the two types of fire sales are different. We find ...
Staff Reports , Paper 616

Working Paper
Optimal pricing of intra-day liquidity
Martin, Antoine (2002)
It is a puzzling fact that many central banks choose to lend intra-day funds at an interest rate of zero (or very close to zero), while the interest rate on overnight funds is much higher. I build a general equilibrium model where intra-day liquidity is needed because it is costly to make precise the time at which payments are received. If liquidity shocks are uninsurable, a necessary and sufficient condition for an equilibrium to be efficient is that the nominal intra-day interest rate be zero. This is true despite the fact that the overnight nominal rate is strictly positive (the reverse of ...
Research Working Paper , Paper RWP 02-02

Report
Overnight RRP operations as a monetary policy tool: some design considerations
Frost, Josh; Logan, Lorie; Martin, Antoine; McCabe, Patrick E.; Natalucci, Fabio M.; Remache, Julie (2015-02-01)
We review recent changes in monetary policy that have led to development and testing of an overnight reverse repurchase agreement (ON RRP) facility, an innovative tool for implementing monetary policy during the normalization process. Making ON RRPs available to a broad set of investors, including nonbank institutions that are significant lenders in money markets, could complement the use of the interest on excess reserves (IOER) and help control short-term interest rates. We examine some potentially important secondary effects of an ON RRP facility, both positive and negative, including ...
Staff Reports , Paper 712

Report
Bank liquidity, interbank markets, and monetary policy
Freixas, Xavier; Skeie, David R.; Martin, Antoine (2009)
A major lesson of the recent financial crisis is that the ability of banks to withstand liquidity shocks and to provide lending to one another is crucial for financial stability. This paper studies the functioning of the interbank lending market and the optimal policy of a central bank in response to both idiosyncratic and aggregate shocks. In particular, we consider how the interbank market affects a bank's choice between holding liquid assets ex ante and acquiring such assets in the market ex post. We show that a central bank should use different tools to manage different types of shocks. ...
Staff Reports , Paper 371

Report
Banks, markets, and efficiency
Martin, Antoine; Fecht, Falko (2005)
In this paper, we address the question whether increasing households' financial market access improves welfare in a financial system in which there is intense competition among banks for private households' funds. Following earlier work by Diamond and by Fecht, we use a model in which the degree of liquidity insurance offered to households through banks' deposit contracts is restrained by households' financial market access. However, we also assume spatial monopolistic competition among banks. Because monopoly rents are assumed to bring about inefficiencies, improved financial market access ...
Staff Reports , Paper 210

Discussion Paper
The Future of Payments Is Not Stablecoins
Garratt, Rod; Lee, Michael Junho; Martin, Antoine; Torregrossa, Joseph (2022-02-07)
Stablecoins, which we define as digital assets used as a medium of exchange that are purported to be backed by assets held specifically for that purpose, have grown considerably in the last two years. They rose from a market capitalization of $5.7 billion on December 1, 2019, to $155.6 billion on January 21, 2022. Moreover, a market that was once dominated by a single stablecoin—Tether (USDT)—now boasts five stablecoins with valuations over $1 billion (as of January 21, 2022; data about the supply of stablecoins can be found here). Analysts have started to pay increased attention to the ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20220207

Discussion Paper
Why Pay Interest on Required Reserve Balances?
Lipscomb, Laura; Wiggins, Heather; Martin, Antoine (2017-09-25)
The Federal Reserve has paid interest on reserves held by banks in their Fed accounts since 2008. Why should it do so? Here, we describe some benefits of paying interest on required reserve balances. Since forcing banks to hold unremunerated reserves would be akin to levying a tax on them, paying interest on these balances is a way to eliminate or greatly reduce that tax and its negative effects.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20170925

Discussion Paper
Intraday Timing of General Collateral Repo Markets
Clark, Kevin; Copeland, Adam; Kahn, Robert Jay; Martin, Antoine; Paddrik, Mark; Taylor, Benjamin (2021-07-14)
Market participants have often noted that general collateral (GC) repo trades happen very early in the morning, with most activity being completed soon after markets open at 7 a.m. Data on intraday repo volumes timing are not publicly available however, obscuring those dynamics to outside observers. In this post, we use confidential data collected by the Office of Financial Research (OFR) to describe the intraday timing dynamics of GC repo in the interdealer market. We demonstrate that a significant majority of interdealer overnight Treasury repo is completed prior to 8:30 a.m. (all times ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20210714

Discussion Paper
The Tri-Party Repo Market Like You Have Never Seen It Before
McLaughlin, Susan; Adenbaum, Jacob; Martin, Antoine (2015-10-19)
The tri-party repo market is a large and important market where securities dealers find a substantial amount of short-term funding. Despite its importance, this market was very opaque before the crisis. Since March 2010, in accordance with recommendation 13 of the Task Force on Tri-Party Repo Infrastructure Reform report, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York has made monthly data on the tri-party repo market available to the public. Today, with our new interactive tool, there is a whole new way to view the market and its evolution. You can make your own charts, looking at volumes for specific ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20151019b

Discussion Paper
Implementing Monetary Policy Post-Crisis: What Do We Need to Know?
Remache, Julie; Mosser, Patricia C.; Martin, Antoine (2016-07-15)
Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs and the New York Fed co-sponsored a recent workshop to discuss important issues related to monetary policy implementation. The May 4 event, held at Columbia, supports the extended effort that the Federal Reserve has undertaken to evaluate potential long-run monetary policy implementation frameworks, which was announced at a Federal Open Market Committee meeting last July.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20160715

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