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Working Paper
Turbulent Business Cycles
Dong, Ding; Wang, Pengfei; Liu, Zheng (2025-02-26)
Firm-level evidence suggests that turbulence that reshuffles firms’ productivity rankings rises sharply in recessions. An increase in turbulence reallocates labor and capital from high- to low-productivity firms, reducing aggregate TFP and the stock market value of firms. A real business cycle model with heterogeneous firms and financial frictions can generate the observed macroeconomic and reallocation effects of turbulence. In the model, increased turbulence makes high-productivity firms less likely to remain productive, reducing their expected equity values and tightening their borrowing ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2021-22

Working Paper
Capital controls and optimal Chinese monetary policy
Spiegel, Mark M.; Chang, Chun; Liu, Zheng (2013)
We examine optimal monetary policy under prevailing Chinese policies> ? including capital controls, nominal exchange rate targets, and costly sterilization of foreign capital inflows. China?s combination of capital controls and exchange rate pegs disrupts its monetary policy, precluding adjustments that could maintain macroeconomic stability following a set of shocks that mirror its experience during the global financial crisis. However, comparing different policy regimes in a consistent DSGE framework, we find that the bulk of welfare gains achieved under full liberalization can be obtained ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2012-13

Working Paper
Information Acquisition and the Finance-Uncertainty Trap
Dong, Ding; Hu, Allen; Li, Zhaorui; Liu, Zheng (2025-07-05)
Using novel measures of information acquisition, we document causal evidence of a feedback loop between firms’ credit access and information acquisition. To examine the macroeconomic implications of this feedback loop, we develop a tractable general equilibrium framework with financial frictions and endogenous information acquisition. In line with the empirical evidence, the model predicts that a rise in information costs raises the level of uncertainty and reduces a firm’s equity value, hampering its credit access. On the other hand, tightened credit constraints restrain activity of ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-12

Working Paper
Can Pandemic-Induced Job Uncertainty Stimulate Automation?
Liu, Zheng; Leduc, Sylvain (2020-05-07)
The COVID-19 pandemic has raised concerns about the future of work. The pandemic may become recurrent, necessitating repeated adoptions of social distancing measures (voluntary or mandatory), creating substantial uncertainty about worker productivity. But robots are not susceptible to the virus. Thus, pandemic-induced job uncertainty may boost the incentive for automation. However, elevated uncertainty also reduces aggregate demand and reduces the value of new investment in automation. We assess the importance of automation in driving business cycle dynamics following an increase in job ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2020-19

Working Paper
Bank Risk-Taking and Monetary Policy Transmission: Evidence from China
Xu, Zhiwei; Li, Xiaoming; Peng, Yuchao; Liu, Zheng (2020-08-03)
We present evidence that monetary policy easing reduces bank risk-taking but exacerbates capital misallocation in China after implementing the Basel III capital regulationsin2013. Thenewregulationstightenedbankcapitalrequirementsandintroduced a new risk-weighting approach to calculating the capital adequacy ratio (CAR). To meet tightened capital requirements, a bank can boost its eﬀective CAR by raising capital or by increasing the share of lending to low-risk borrowers. Using conﬁdential loan-level data from a large Chinese commercial bank, merged with ﬁrm-level data on a large set of ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2020-27

Working Paper
Optimal Foreign Reserve Intervention and Financial Development
Davis, J. Scott; Huang, Kevin X. D.; Liu, Zheng; Spiegel, Mark M. (2025-11-13)
We document evidence of a U-shaped relationship between financial development and the adjustments of foreign exchange (FX) reserve holdings in response to a U.S. interest rate increase. Countries with intermediate levels of financial development sell reserves aggressively, while those with low or high development adjust little. Domestic interest rate responses are not systematically related to financial development. A model with borrowing constraints and foreign-currency debt rationalizes these findings: the associated pecuniary externality is maximized at intermediate levels of financial ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2025-27

Journal Article
Inflation: mind the gap
Rudebusch, Glenn D.; Liu, Zheng (2010)
This Economic Letter examines recent evidence concerning the connection between unemployment and inflation. We argue that, in a deep economic downturn such as the current one, inflation and unemployment do tend to move together in a manner consistent with the Phillips curve. But, outside of such severe recessions, fluctuations in the inflation and unemployment rates do not line up particularly well. Inflation appears to be buffeted by many other factors. This explains why some studies find only a "loose empirical relationship" between economic slack and inflation. Thus, compared with the ...
FRBSF Economic Letter

Working Paper
Fiscal Stimulus Under Average Inflation Targeting
Liu, Zheng; Miao, Jianjun; Su, Dongling (2023-04-19)
The stimulus effects of expansionary fiscal policy under average inflation targeting (AIT) depends on both monetary and fiscal policy regimes. AIT features an inflation makeup under the monetary regime, but not under the fiscal regime. In normal times, AIT amplifies the short-run fiscal multipliers under both regimes while mitigating the cumulative multipliers. due to intertemporal substitution. In a zero-lower bound (ZLB) period, AIT reduces fiscal multipliers under a monetary regime by shortening the duration of the ZLB through expected inflation makeup. Under the fiscal regime, AIT has a ...
Working Paper Series , Paper 2022-22

Journal Article
Will Trade Uncertainty Boost Automation?
Firooz, Hamid; Leduc, Sylvain; Liu, Zheng; Baskar Prabhakar, Deepika (2025-09-02)
Recent surges in trade policy uncertainty highlight the fragility of global supply chains, prompting businesses to consider reshoring—moving production from abroad to domestic locations. Reshoring can be costly, creating incentives for businesses to automate. Evidence suggests that businesses facing heightened trade policy uncertainty in industries more exposed to international trade reshore more and automate more than those that are less exposed to trade. Automation appears to help mitigate the otherwise negative effects of trade policy uncertainty on production and labor productivity.
FRBSF Economic Letter , Volume 2025 , Issue 20 , Pages 6

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