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Working Paper
Using High-Frequency Evaluations to Estimate Discrimination: Evidence from Mortgage Loan Officers∗
We develop empirical tests for discrimination that use high-frequency evaluations to address the problem of unobserved heterogeneity in a conventional benchmarking test. Our approach to identifying discrimination requires two conditions: (1) the subject pool is time-invariant in a short time horizon and (2) there is high-frequency variation in the extent to which evaluators can rely on their subjective assessments. We bring our approach to the residential mortgage market, using data on the near-universe of U.S. mortgage applications from 1994 to 2018. Monthly volume quotas reduce how much ...
Working Paper
Single-Family REITs and Local Housing Markets
We study the rise of single-family real estate investment trusts (SF-REITs) using a novel property-level dataset. SF-REITs tend to buy homes in neighborhoods near city centers, where housing supply is relatively elastic and residents are on the lower rungs of the homeownership ladder. Exploiting spatial differences, we find that SF-REIT growth modestly raises prices and increases overall housing supply, with individual ownership rising at a similar rate. However, we find no evidence that SF-REITs reduce house purchase financing accessibility—mortgage approval rates and borrower credit ...