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Working Paper
The information revolution and small business lending: the missing evidence
Nigro, Peter; Frame, W. Scott; DeYoung, Robert; Glennon, Dennis C. (2010)
This paper provides empirical confirmation for Petersen and Rajan's (2002) widely accepted conjecture that information technology was the primary driver of the observed increase in small business borrower-lender distances in the United States in recent years. Using a different data source for small business loans, we show that annual increases in borrower-lender distances were slow and steady prior to 1993 (the end point in Petersen and Rajan's data) but accelerated rapidly after that. Importantly, we are able to assign at least half of this acceleration to the adoption of credit scoring ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2010-07

Working Paper
The Effects of Audit Partners on Financial Reporting: Evidence from U.S. Bank Holding Companies
Bhat, Gauri; Desai, Hemang; Frame, W. Scott; Koch, Christoffer; Mayer, Erik J. (2022-07-08)
This paper uses confidential data on audit engagement partner names from regulatory filings of bank holding companies (BHC) to investigate whether partners display individual style that affects the financial reporting of the BHCs. We focus on loan loss provisioning. We construct an audit partner-BHC matched panel data set that enables us to track different partners across different BHCs over time. We employ two empirical approaches to investigate partner style. The first approach tests whether partner fixed effects are statistically significant in loan loss provisioning models. The second ...
Working Papers , Paper 2209

Working Paper
Empirical studies of financial innovation: lots of talk, little action?
White, Lawrence J.; Frame, W. Scott (2002)
This paper reviews the extant empirical studies of financial innovation. Adopting broad criteria, the authors found just two dozen studies, over half of which (fourteen) had been conducted since 2000. Since some financial innovations are examined by more than one study, only fourteen distinct phenomena have been covered. Especially striking is the fact that only two studies are directed at the hypotheses advanced in many broad descriptive articles concerning the environmental conditions (e.g., regulation, taxes, unstable macroeconomic conditions, and ripe technologies) spurring financial ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2002-12

Working Paper
The devil's in the tail: residential mortgage finance and the U.S. Treasury
White, Lawrence J.; Frame, W. Scott; Wall, Larry D. (2012)
This paper seeks to contribute to the U.S. housing finance reform conversation by providing a critical assessment of the various types of policy proposals that have been offered. There appears to be a broad consensus to maintain explicit government guarantees for certain narrowly defined borrower populations, such as Federal Housing Administration insurance guarantees for low- and moderate-income and first-time homebuyers. However, the expected role of the federal government in the broader housing finance system is in dispute. The expected role ranges from no role to insuring against only ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2012-12

Working Paper
Government Litigation Risk and the Decline in Low-Income Mortgage Lending
Frame, W. Scott; Gerardi, Kristopher; Mayer, Erik J.; Xu, Billy; Zhao, Lawrence (2024-07-15)
We study the effect of Department of Justice lawsuits in the 2010s against large lenders for alleged fraud in the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) mortgage insurance program. The suits led to more than $5 billion in settlements and caused targeted banks and their peers to precipitously exit the FHA market. Difference-in-differences and triple differences tests exploiting geographic variation in exposure to exiting banks show a 20 percent reduction in FHA lending in heavily exposed areas. This reduction was not associated with improved underwriting standards or lower default rates. Large ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2024-6

Working Paper
The Failure of supervisory stress testing: Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and OFHEO
Frame, W. Scott; Gerardi, Kristopher S.; Willen, Paul S. (2015-03-01)
In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, policymakers in the United States and elsewhere have adopted stress testing as a central tool for supervising large, complex, financial institutions and promoting financial stability. Although supervisory stress testing may confer substantial benefits, such tests are vulnerable to model risk. This paper studies the risk-based capital stress test conducted by the Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO) for Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the two government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) that are central to the U.S. housing finance ...
Working Papers , Paper 15-4

Discussion Paper
Fiscal Implications of the Federal Reserve’s Balance Sheet Normalization
Grasing, Jamie; Rosa, Carlo; Frame, W. Scott; Malin, Benjamin A.; Cavallo, Michele; Del Negro, Marco (2018-01-09)
In the wake of the global financial crisis, the Federal Reserve dramatically increased the size of its balance sheet—from about $900 billion at the end of 2007 to about $4.5 trillion today. At its September 2017 meeting, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) announced that—effective October 2017—it would initiate the balance sheet normalization program described in the June 2017 addendum to the FOMC’s Policy Normalization Principles and Plans.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20180109

Working Paper
Federal Home Loan Bank advances and commercial bank portfolio composition
Hancock, Diana; Passmore, Wayne; Frame, W. Scott (2007)
This paper considers the role of Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances in stabilizing their commercial bank members' residential mortgage lending activities. Our theoretical model shows that using mortgage-related membership criteria or requiring mortgage-related collateral does not ensure that FHLB advances will be put to use for stabilizing members' financing of housing. Using panel vector autoregression (VAR) techniques, we estimate recent dynamic responses of U.S. bank portfolios to FHLB advance shocks, bank lending shocks, and macroeconomic shocks. Our empirical findings suggest that ...
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2007-17

Working Paper
Resolving large financial intermediaries: banks versus housing enterprises
Frame, W. Scott; Wall, Larry D.; Eisenbeis, Robert A. (2004)
This paper examines the policy issues with respect to resolving the possible failure of housing enterprises Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac. The authors compare and contrast these issues with those raised in the context of large bank failures and also identify important differences in the extant supervisory authorities. Based on these discussions, they offer a number of policy suggestions designed to minimize the cost of resolution and protect taxpayers from loss should a large bank or housing enterprise fail.
FRB Atlanta Working Paper , Paper 2004-23

Report
Fiscal implications of the Federal Reserve's balance sheet normalization
Grasing, Jamie; Rosa, Carlo; Frame, W. Scott; Malin, Benjamin A.; Cavallo, Michele; Del Negro, Marco (2018-01-01)
The paper surveys the recent literature on the fiscal implications of central bank balance sheets, with a special focus on political economy issues. It then presents the results of simulations that describe the effects of different scenarios for the Federal Reserve's longer-run balance sheet on its earnings remittances to the U.S. Treasury and, more broadly, on the government's overall fiscal position. We find that reducing longer-run reserve balances from $2.3 trillion (roughly the current amount) to $1 trillion reduces the likelihood of posting a quarterly net loss in the future from 30 ...
Staff Reports , Paper 833

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