Search Results
Journal Article
The Uruguay round of trade negotiations: an overview
On December 15, 1993, in Geneva, Switzerland, negotiators representing 117 countries reached consensus on the Final Act of the Uruguay Round, the most comprehensive international trade agreement in history. The Final Act prescribes, among other things, that tariffs on industrial products be reduced by an average of more than one-third, that trade in agricultural goods be progressively liberalized, and that a new body, the World Trade Organization, be established both to facilitate the implementation of multilateral trade agreements and to serve as a forum for future negotiations. The Final ...
Journal Article
International capital transactions: should they be restricted?
Many countries have shifted toward freer markets in recent years. This shift is far from complete or free from backsliding, however. Moreover, a number of prominent economists contend that government restrictions should be maintained, or at least kept in reserve, for certain categories of transactions, such as international capital movements. In particular, it is sometimes argued that capital controls should be used to buttress the Exchange Rate Mechanism of the European Monetary System, which has been undermined by speculative attacks. ; Following a capsule summary of the recent use of ...
Journal Article
New England manufacturing and international trade
Journal Article
The International Monetary Fund 50 years after Bretton Woods
In July 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, delegates from 44 nations agreed upon an international monetary system to be established following World War II. At the heart of the system was the International Monetary Fund, which was to foster economic prosperity by promoting international monetary cooperation, orderly exchange-rate arrangements, restriction-free multilateral payments, and efficient balance-ofpayments adjustment. ; This article surveys the functioning of the IMF, focusing on recent experience. The article discusses the means and methods the IMF has employed to achieve its ...
Journal Article
International payments imbalances in the 1980's: an overview
Journal Article
A primer on the arms trade
Among the many consequences of the recent Persian Gulf War was a heightened interest in the international trade in armaments, with some analysts forecasting a substantial increase. This article surveys the arms trade, focusing chiefly on the economic features. The survey finds that national prosperity is not connected to a high ratio of arms exports to total output. Nor does poverty stop a nation from spending a relatively large share of its total income on arms from abroad. ; In recent years two-thirds of all arms exports have come from the United States and the Soviet Union. However, the ...
Journal Article
Perspective on Bretton Woods
Journal Article
The soaring trade in \"nontradables.\"
In recent years international trade has flourished in a category heretofore considered largely nontradable. Services are being exchanged across national boundaries in unprecedented volumes, with growth rates exceeding those for trade in merchandise. In addition to cross-border trade, foreign direct investment and sales by foreign affiliates are also growing rapidly. The phenomenon has attracted growing attention both from impartial analysts and from government officials seeking to expand their countries' exports. ; This article examines the nature of this trade and considers which ...
Conference Paper
International payments imbalances in the 1980s: an overview