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Journal Article
Rising Interest Rates, the Deficit, and Public Debt
Faria-e-Castro, Miguel (2018)
Primary deficits matter more than rising interest rates for public debt.
Economic Synopses , Issue 28 , Pages 1-2

Working Paper
The Nonlinear Effects of Fiscal Policy
Brinca, Pedro; Holter, Hans; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Ferreira, Miguel H. (2021-01-15)
We argue that the fiscal multiplier of government purchases is nonlinear in the spending shock, in contrast to what is assumed in most of the literature. In particular, the multiplier of a fiscal consolidation is decreasing in the size of the consolidation. We empirically document this fact using aggregate fiscal consolidation data across 15 OECD countries. We show that a neoclassical life-cycle, incomplete markets model calibrated to match key features of the U.S. economy can explain this empirical finding. The mechanism hinges on the relationship between fiscal shocks, their form of ...
Working Papers , Paper 2019-015

Working Paper
The (Unintended?) Consequences of the Largest Liquidity Injection Ever
Crosignani, Matteo; Fonseca, Luis; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel (2017-01)
We study the design of lender of last resort interventions and show that the provision of long-term liquidity incentivizes purchases of high-yield short-term securities by banks. Using a unique security-level data set, we find that the European Central Bank?s three-year Long-Term Refinancing Operation incentivized Portuguese banks to purchase short-term domestic government bonds that could be pledged to obtain central bank liquidity. This "collateral trade" effect is large, as banks purchased short-term bonds equivalent to 8.4% of amount outstanding. The resumption of public debt issuance ...
Finance and Economics Discussion Series , Paper 2017-011

Working Paper
Evergreening
Paul, Pascal; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Sanchez, Juan M. (2023-08)
We develop a simple model of concentrated lending where lenders have incentives for evergreening loans by offering better terms to firms that are close to default. We detect such lending behavior using loan-level supervisory data for the United States. Banks that own a larger share of a firm’s debt provide distressed firms with relatively more credit at lower interest rates. Building on this empirical validation, we incorporate the theoretical mechanism into a dynamic heterogeneous-firm model to show that evergreening affects aggregate outcomes, resulting in lower interest rates, higher ...
Working Papers , Paper 2021-012

Corporate Bond Spreads and the Pandemic IV: Liquidity Buffers
Ebsim, Mahdi; Kozlowski, Julian; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel (2020-06-12)
The cost of borrowing rose for most firms during the pandemic-related disruption of financial markets, but firms with greater liquidity have had smaller increases in credit spreads.
On the Economy

Excess Retirements Continue despite Ebbing COVID-19 Pandemic
Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Jordan-Wood, Samuel (2023-06-22)
COVID-19 spurred a wave of retirements. Though the effects of the pandemic have subsided, the number of retirees remains well above what would have been expected from socioeconomic trends.
On the Economy

Working Paper
The St. Louis Fed DSGE Model
Faria-e-Castro, Miguel (2025-09-25)
This document contains a technical description of the dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model developed and maintained by the Research Division of the St. Louis Fed as one of its tools for forecasting and policy analysis. The St. Louis Fed model departs from an otherwise standard medium-scale New Keynesian DSGE model along two main dimensions: first, it allows for household heterogeneity, in the form of workers and capitalists, who have different marginal propensities to consume (MPC). Second, it explicitly models a fiscal sector endowed with multiple spending and revenue ...
Working Papers , Paper 2024-014

Working Paper
The Nonlinear Effects of Fiscal Policy
Brinca, Pedro; Holter, Hans; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Ferreira, Miguel H. (2019-05-22)
We argue that the fiscal multiplier of government purchases is increasing in the spending shock, in contrast to what is assumed in most of the literature. The fiscal multiplier is largest for large positive government spending shocks and smallest for large contractions in government spending. We empirically document this fact using aggregate U.S. data. We find that a neoclassical, life-cycle, incomplete markets model calibrated to match key features of the US economy can explain this empirical finding. The mechanism hinges on the relationship between fiscal shocks, their form of financing, ...
Working Papers , Paper 2019-15

Working Paper
Evergreening
Paul, Pascal; Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Sanchez, Juan M. (2023-01)
We develop a simple model of relationship lending where lenders have incentives for evergreening loans by offering better terms to firms that are close to default. We detect such lending behavior using loan-level supervisory data for the United States. Banks that own a larger share of a firm's debt provide distressed firms with relatively more credit at lower interest rates. Building on this empirical validation, we incorporate the theoretical mechanism into a dynamic heterogeneous-firm model to show that evergreening affects aggregate outcomes, resulting in lower interest rates, higher ...
Working Papers , Paper 2021-012

Working Paper
An Empirical Analysis of the Cost of Borrowing
Faria-e-Castro, Miguel; Kozlowski, Julian; Jordan-Wood, Samuel (2024-07-15)
We examine borrowing costs for firms using a security-level database with bank loans and corporate bonds issued by U.S. companies. We find significant within-firm dispersion in borrowing rates, even after controlling for security and firm observable characteristics. Obtaining a bank loan is 132 basis points cheaper than issuing a bond, after accounting for observable factors. Changes in borrowing costs have persistent negative impacts on firm-level outcomes, such as investment and borrowing, and these effects vary across sectors. These findings contribute to our understanding of borrowing ...
Working Papers , Paper 2024-016

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