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Report
The production impact of "cash-for-clunkers": implications for stabilization policy
Kahn, James A.; Copeland, Adam (2011-07-01)
Stabilization policies frequently aim to boost spending as a means to increase GDP. Spending does not necessarily translate into production, however, especially when inventories are involved. We look at the ?cash-for-clunkers? program that helped finance the purchase of nearly 700,000 vehicles in 2009. An analysis of auto sales and production movements reveals that the program did prompt a large spike in sales. But the program had only a modest and fleeting impact on production, as inventories buffered the movements in sales. These findings suggest caution in judging the efficacy of such ...
Staff Reports , Paper 503

Discussion Paper
The Odd Behavior of Repo Haircuts during the Financial Crisis
Copeland, Adam; Martin, Antoine (2012-09-17)
Since the financial crisis began, there’s been substantial debate on the role of haircuts in U.S. repo markets. (The haircut is the value of the collateral in excess of the value of the cash exchanged in the repo; see our blog post for more on repo markets.) In an influential paper, Gorton and Metrick show that haircuts increased rapidly during the crisis, a phenomenon they characterize as a general “run on repo.” Consequently, some policymakers and academics have considered whether regulating haircuts might help stabilize the repo markets, for example, by setting a minimum level so ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20120917

Discussion Paper
Intraday Liquidity Flows
Braun, Michele; Copeland, Adam; Herlach, Alexa; Mithal, Radhika (2012-08-06)
Transactions denominated in U.S. dollars flow around the clock and around the globe, filling the pipelines that support commerce. On a typical day, more than $14 trillion of dollar-denominated payments is routed through the banking system. Critical to a well-functioning economy are the timing and smooth flow of dollars for large-value transactions and the infrastructure that enables that dollar flow. This financial market infrastructure provides essential economic services??plumbing? for the economy?and is made up of a variety of entities. In this post, we describe this financial market ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20120806

Discussion Paper
Investigating the Proposed Overnight Treasury GC Repo Benchmark Rates
Cipriani, Marco; Sherman, Scott; Solimine, Brett; Copeland, Adam; Bayeux, Kathryn; Altman, Alexandra (2016-12-19)
In its recent ?Statement Regarding the Publication of Overnight Treasury GC Repo Rates,? the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, in cooperation with the U.S. Treasury Department?s Office of Financial Research, announced the potential publication of three overnight Treasury general collateral (GC) repurchase (repo) benchmark rates. Each of the proposed rates is designed to capture a particular segment of repo market activity. All three rates, as currently envisioned, would initially be based on transaction-level overnight GC repo trades occurring on tri-party repo platforms. The first rate would ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20161219

Report
Repo and the Liquidity Risk Premium
Copeland, Adam; Engbretson, Owen (2026-03-01)
Securities dealers play a central role intermediating funds in the U.S. short-term money markets. This intermediation involves risk, which can be mitigated by holding buffers of liquid securities. The cost of holding these buffers—the liquidity risk premium—is driven by the opportunity cost of holding money and so is influenced by monetary policy. We use detailed data on the pricing of repurchase agreements (repo), the main contract used to provide secured funding in the money markets, to measure by how much changes in monetary policy affect the liquidity risk premium embedded in repo ...
Staff Reports , Paper 1189

Journal Article
An empirical analysis of the GCF Repo® Service
Davis, Isaac; Copeland, Adam; Martin, Antoine (2015)
This article examines how dealers use the GCF Repo service. It begins by explaining the strategies that dealers employ when trading GCF Repo and then uses empirical analysis to quantify the predominance of these strategies. Looking across all dealers and all days, the study finds that on an average day, at least 23 percent of dealers focus on strategies to raise cash and at least 20 percent focus on managing their inventory of securities. This activity involves using GCF Repo to both exclusively source collateral and perform collateral swaps.
Economic Policy Review , Issue 2 , Pages 25-37

Discussion Paper
Borrowing, Lending, and Swapping Collateral in GCF Repo®
Copeland, Adam; Cipriani, Marco (2016-05-05)
In the third post in this series, we examined GCF Repo traders? end-of-day strategies. In this final post, we further our understanding of dealers? behavior by looking at their trading pattern within the day.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20160505

Discussion Paper
Mapping and Sizing the U.S. Repo Market
LeSueur, Eric; Davis, Isaac; Martin, Antoine; Copeland, Adam (2012-06-25)
The U.S. repurchase agreement (repo) market is a large financial market where participants effectively provide collateralized loans to one another. This market played a central role in the recent financial crisis; for example, both Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers experienced problems borrowing in this market in the period leading up to their collapse. Unfortunately, comprehensive and detailed data on this market are not available. Rather, data exist for certain segments of the repo market or for specific firms that operate in this market (see this recent New York Fed staff report). The ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20120625

Discussion Paper
The Cost and Duration of Excess Funding Capacity in Tri-Party Repo
Copeland, Adam; Zinsmeister, Noah; Selig, Ira (2017-10-04)
In a previous post, we showed that dealers sometimes enter into tri-party repo contracts to acquire excess funding capacity, and that this strategy is most prevalent for the agency mortgage-backed securities (MBS) and equity asset classes. In this post, we examine the maturity of the repos used to pursue this strategy and estimate the associated costs. We find that repos that generate excess funding capacity for equities and corporate debt have longer maturities than the average repo involving either of these asset classes. Furthermore, the premiums dealers pay to maintain excess funding ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20171004

Discussion Paper
The Rise of Sponsored Service for Clearing Repo
Copeland, Adam; Kahn, R. Jay (2025-10-08)
Recently instituted rule amendments have initiated a large migration of dealer-to-client Treasury repurchase trades to central clearing. To date, the main avenue used to access central clearing is Sponsored Service, a clearing product that has, until now, received little attention. This post highlights the results from a recent Staff Report which presents a deep dive into Sponsored Service. Here, we summarize the description of the institutional details of this service and its costs and benefits. We then document some basic facts on how market participants use this service, based on ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20251008

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