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Discussion Paper
Introduction to a Series on Market Liquidity
Adrian, Tobias; Schaumburg, Ernst; Fleming, Michael J. (2015-08-17)
Market participants and policymakers have recently raised concerns about market liquidity?the ability to buy and sell securities quickly, at any time, at minimal cost. Market liquidity supports the efficient allocation of capital through financial markets, which is a catalyst for sustainable economic growth. Changes in market liquidity, whether due to regulation, changes in market structure, or otherwise, are therefore of great interest to policymakers and market participants alike.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20150817

Discussion Paper
Has Liquidity Risk in the Treasury and Equity Markets Increased?
Vogt, Erik; Fleming, Michael J.; Adrian, Tobias; Stackman, Daniel (2015-10-06)
Market participants have argued that market liquidity has deteriorated since the financial crisis. However, inspection of common metrics such as bid-ask spreads, market depth, and price impact do not show pronounced reductions in liquidity compared with precrisis levels. In this post, we argue that recent changes in liquidity conditions may best be described in terms of heightened liquidity risk, as opposed to general declines in liquidity levels. We propose a measure that shows liquidity risk has risen in equity and Treasury markets and discuss some factors behind the increase.
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20151006a

Discussion Paper
Assessing the Price Impact of Treasury Market Workups
Nguyen, Giang; Fleming, Michael J. (2019-03-06)
The price impact of a trade derives largely from its information content. The “workup” mechanism, a trading protocol used in the U.S. Treasury securities market, is designed to mitigate the instantaneous price impact of a trade by allowing market participants to trade additional quantities of a security after a buyer and seller first agree on its price. Nevertheless, workup trades are not necessarily free of information. In this post, we assess the role of workups in price discovery, following our recent paper in the Review of Asset Pricing Studies (an earlier version of which was ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20190306c

Discussion Paper
Price Impact of Trades and Orders in the U.S. Treasury Securities Market
Nguyen, Giang; Mizrach, Bruce; Fleming, Michael J. (2018-12-05)
It’s long been known that asset prices respond not only to public information, such as macroeconomic announcements, but also to private information revealed through trading. More recently, with the growth of high-frequency trading, academics have argued that limit orders—orders to buy or sell a security at a specific price or better—also contain information. In this post, we examine the information content of trades and limit orders in the U.S. Treasury securities market, following this paper, recently published in the Journal of Financial Markets and earlier as a New York Fed staff ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20181205

Journal Article
Income effects of Federal Reserve liquidity facilities
Klagge, Nicholas; Fleming, Michael J. (2011-02)
One of the chief actions taken by the Federal Reserve in response to the financial crisis was the introduction or expansion of facilities designed to provide liquidity to the funding markets. A study of the programs suggests that the liquidity facilities generated $20 billion in interest and fee income between August 2007 and December 2009, or $13 billion after taking into account the estimated $7 billion cost of funds. Moreover, the Fed took important steps to limit the credit exposure it incurred in connection with the facilities.
Current Issues in Economics and Finance , Volume 17 , Issue Feb

Journal Article
The Term Securities Lending Facility: origin, design, and effects
Hrung, Warren B.; Keane, Frank M.; Fleming, Michael J. (2009-02)
The Federal Reserve launched the Term Securities Lending Facility (TSLF) in 2008 to promote liquidity in the funding markets and improve the operation of the broader financial markets. The facility increases the ability of dealers to obtain cash in the private market by enabling them to pledge securities temporarily as collateral for Treasuries, which are relatively easy to finance. The TSLF thus reduces the need for dealers to sell assets into illiquid markets as well as lessens the likelihood of a loss of confidence among lenders.
Current Issues in Economics and Finance , Volume 15 , Issue Feb

Discussion Paper
How Has Treasury Market Liquidity Evolved in 2023?
Fleming, Michael J. (2023-10-17)
In a 2022 post, we showed how liquidity conditions in the U.S. Treasury securities market had worsened as supply disruptions, high inflation, and geopolitical conflict increased uncertainty about the expected path of interest rates. In this post, we revisit some commonly used metrics to assess how market liquidity has evolved since. We find that liquidity worsened abruptly In March 2023 after the failures of Silicon Valley Bank and Signature Bank, but then quickly improved to levels close to those of the preceding year. As in 2022, liquidity in 2023 continues to closely track the level that ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20231017

Journal Article
The Federal Reserve's foreign exchange swap lines
Klagge, Nicholas; Fleming, Michael J. (2010-04)
The financial crisis that began in August 2007 disrupted U.S. dollar funding markets not only in the United States but also overseas. To address funding pressures internationally, the Federal Reserve introduced a system of reciprocal currency arrangements, or "swap lines," with other central banks. The swap line program, which ended early this year, enhanced the ability of these central banks to provide U.S. dollar funding to financial institutions in their jurisdictions.
Current Issues in Economics and Finance , Volume 16 , Issue Apr

Discussion Paper
How Liquid Has the Treasury Market Been in 2022?
Fleming, Michael J.; Nelson, Claire (2022-11-15)
Policymakers and market participants are closely watching liquidity conditions in the U.S. Treasury securities market. Such conditions matter because liquidity is crucial to the many important uses of Treasury securities in financial markets. But just how liquid has the market been and how unusual is the liquidity given the higher-than-usual volatility? In this post, we assess the recent evolution of Treasury market liquidity and its relationship with price volatility and find that while the market has been less liquid in 2022, it has not been unusually illiquid after accounting for the high ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20221115a

Discussion Paper
The Evolution of Workups in the U.S. Treasury Securities Market
Yang, Ron; Schaumburg, Ernst; Fleming, Michael J. (2015-08-20)
The market for benchmark U.S. Treasury securities is one of the deepest and most liquid in the world. Although trading in the interdealer market for these securities is over-the-counter, it features a central limit order book (CLOB) similar to that found in exchange-traded instruments, such as equities and futures. A distinctive feature of this market is the ?workup? protocol, whereby the execution of a marketable order opens a short time window during which market participants can transact additional volume at the same price. With the broadening of the interdealer market to include hedge ...
Liberty Street Economics , Paper 20150820

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